Cells quiz

What does every organism need to live?

Energy

Where do we get energy from?

Food

Do we get energy directly from food?

No, it must be broken down

How is food broken down?

Chemical Reactions

Metabolism

•  All of the reactions that occur in living organisms

High metabolism

your body reactions occur fast thus breaking things (food) down quickly.

Low metabolism

• your body reactions occur slower, thus breaking things (food) down much more slowly.

Atoms

smallest unit of life that make up EVERYTHING

Molecules

2 or more atoms that combine (compound)

Ions

a charged atom that has a positive or negative charge

Electrolytes

• An electrically charged atom = ION!

What do organic compounds have in them

Carbon

Inorganic compounds

• Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Salts

Organic compounds

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Provide much of the energy that cells require.

• Often stored in body for reserve energy (glycogen).

• Two main types:

Simple carbohydrates

• Sugars (glucose)

• Easy for body to break down for quick energy

• Candy bars, cereal, etc.

Complex carbohydrates

• Fibers

• Starches

• Pasta, bread, rice, etc.

Fats (Lipids)

• Used for energy (can supply more than carbs).

• Used for Insulation (heat), line organs

Saturated fats

• Bad type of fat, leads to heart disease.

• Butter, lard, animal fats.

Unsaturated fats

• Good type of fat.

• Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil

• Trans fats – not good either

Proteins

• Provide energy, make enzymes, structural units, hormones.

• Make up hemoglobin and myoglobin which carry oxygen.

• Enzymes speed up reactions in the body.

• Made up of Amino Acids

cells

basic unit of life, make up the entire body, 70 trillion in the whole body

Basic compostition of a cell

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell membrane

Nucleus

• Contains DNA of cell and directs cell’s functions.

Cytoplasm

• Fluid inside cells that contains all of the organelles.

Cytoskeleton

• Forms a supportive framework in the cytoplasm (like the human skeleton).

• 3 different kinds of cytoskeleton.

cell membrane

• Outermost boundary of cell.

• Made up of Phosofluids

• “Fluid Mosaic” 

  • Constantly moving phospholipids

• Phospholipids

  • Heads (like water)

  • Tails (don’t like water)

• Selectively Permeable:

  • Actively functions in order to control what enters and leaves the cell.

Intra

inside

extra

outside

Intracellular fluid

• Fluid on the inside of a cell.

Extracellular fluid

• Fluid on the outside of a cell.

• This fluid runs throughout the body.

• Keep constant to stay at homeostasis.

Organelles that makeup proteins

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,

ribosomes

• Read RNA and make amino acids.

endoplasmic reticulum

• Takes the amino acids and makes them into proteins - (amino acids make up proteins!)

Golgi apparatus

• Proteins are then modified, packaged, and shipped to where they need to go.

Mitochondria

• Makes ATP (energy) “powerhouse” of cell.

Lysosomes

• “Garbage disposals”

all cells in the human body start out as what cell?

stem cell

stem cell

THE first CELL(S) AFTER FERTILIZATION (sperm and egg coming together) ARE STEM CELLS. job is not yet determined

differentiation

• WHEN A CELL GRADUALLY CHANGES INTO A PARTICULAR CELL TYPE (DEVELOPMENT)

 To undergo a specific cellular change to become a more specialized cel

3 types of stem cells

embryonic, adult/somatic stem cells, induced pluripotent

first 6 days of embryonic stem cells

Totipotent:

Totipotent:

can become any type of cell in the body

day 7-8 weeks of embryonic stem cell

pluripotent

pluripotent

• Can potentially turn into MOST kinds of cells.

How are embryonic stem cells obtained?

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Adult (SOMATIC) STEM CELLS

FOUND IN FULLY DEVELOPED HUMAN (INFANTS & CHILDREN AS WELL), multipotent

Multipotent

• Has a LIMITED range of cells it can turn into

Umbillical cord and bone marrow

multipotent, adult stem cell

 Induced Pluripotent STEM CELLS (iPSCs):

• BODY CELLS (ALREADY DIFFERENTIATED) ARE changed back INTO PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

  • NEWEST TECHNOLOGY

  • LITTLE SUCCESS SO FAR

How does differentiation occur

• Stem cells divide (through the cell cycle).

• They then can be set on a course to become a certain type of cell.

  • Once they are set on this course, they become a progenitor cell.

progenitor cells

• “committed” to becoming a certain type of cell (i.e. muscle cell).

• All of the 260 or so different types of cells in the human body can be traced back to stem cells.

SIMILAR CELLS WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS MAKE

tissues

4 Major Types of Tissues in the Human Body:

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

• Comprise much of the body.

  • Bind structures

  • Provide support

  • Protection

  • Serve as frameworks

  • Store fat

  • Blood cells

• Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells. 

• Cells can divide (mitosis).

• Some connective tissue is rigid (bone) some is loose (fat).

In between the cells of connective tissue is

Matrix

What is Matrix

Made of substances that binds, supports, and provides medium through which substances may be transferred between blood and cells within tissues.

So in other words, the Matrix is a substance in between cells of connective tissue.

What is the difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

Every epithelial tissue is made up of cells, PERIOD.

Connective tissue is mainly a MATRIX that is made FROM a cell.

In other words, connective tissue is mainly a Matrix made from cells.

What are fibroblasts?

Fibroblasts are a large star shaped cell.

These cells produce the Matrix of connective tissue.

What are fibroblasts made out of

Collagen

What do fibroblasts make?

Elastic fibers, collagen fibers

Collagen Fibers

Thick threads of protein collagen, which is the major structural protein of the body.

Grouped in long, parallel bundles.

Great tensile great (resist considerable pulling force).

Ligaments

Tendons

Elastic Fibers

Made by fibroblasts.

Weaker than collagenous fibers, but very elastic.

Easily stretched.

Common in places where subjected to stretching:

Vocal cords.

Types of Connective tissues

Loose

Dense

Adipose

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Loose connective tissues

• Cell which produces this: 

  • Fibroblasts

• Characteristics:

  • Tissues containing sparse collagen fibers.

  • Much looser tissue.

• Location:

  • Lies under skin.

Dense connective tissue

• Cell which produces this: 

  • Fibroblasts

• Characteristics:

  • Tissues containing abundant collagen fibers.

  • Much more rigid.

• Location:

  • Tendons and ligaments.

Adipose Tissue

• Cell which makes this: 

  • Fat cells (adipocytes)

• Function:

  • Stores fat.

  • As they accumulate fat, they enlarge.

• Location:

  • All around the body.

  • Cushions joints, insulates, stores energy.

• Depends on calorie intake how much of this you have.

What does cartilage make?

Chondrocytes

Function of Cartilage

Provides support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues.

Characteristics of Cartilage

This does not have a good blood supply.

This is why cartilage heals very slowly.

Location of Cartilage

Ends of bones, ears, between vertebrae, knees.

Characteristics of Bone

MOST RIGID connective tissue.

Great amount of collagen.

Has minerals (salt, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate) in matrix.

Characteristics of Blood

The Matrix is called plasma (the stuff that red blood cells travel in).

Yes, this is a connective tissue.

Muscle tissue is

contractile

Contractile

Can shorten and Thicken

3 types of muscle tissue

• Skeletal

• Smooth

• Cardiac

What do skeletal muscle tissues look like

Long and narrow.

Striated look.

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Make up muscle tissue that attaches to the bones of the body and move the body.

Voluntary muscles:

They will not move unless you want them to move.

What do smooth muscle tissues look like?

Called smooth muscle because it lacks striations.

Shorter.

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue

Comprises walls of hollow internal organs: stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.

Involuntary:

Move and contract without you even thinking about it.

What do Cardiac Muscle Tissues look like

• Striated

• Shorter

• Connected end to end.

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissues

ONLY in the heart. (cardiac = heart)

Involuntary:

Your heart always pumps without you ever thinking about it.

The basic nerve cells of Nervous Tissue

neurons

Location of Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves of the body.

Function of the Nervous Tissue

Take in information from the environment, analyze it, and respond to it.

Function of the Epithelial tissue

Protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

Location of the Epithelial Tissue

• Found throughout the body.

• Covers body surface, organs, lines body cavities, lines hollow organs.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

• Lack blood vessels

• Readily divide:

  • Go through mitosis (cells divide and make more) often.

  • Injuries heal fast. 

• Tightly packed:

  • Thus form effective protective barriers.

How are epithelial tissues classified?

Epithelial Tissues are classified according to their number of layers of cells (first) and their shape of cells (second).

Simple

single layer of cells

Stratified

two or more layers of cells.

Squamous

thin, flattened cells

Columnar

• elongated cells

Cuboidal

cubelike cells

Simple Squamous

• Single layer of thin, flattened cells.

  • Tightly packed together.

  • Substances pass easily through.

    • Lungs – air sacs

Simple Cuboidal

• Single layer of cube-shaped cells.

Simple Columnar

• Single layer of elongated cells 

  • May or may not have Cilia

Cilia

• Microscopic, hair-like processes on the exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells.

• Helps move things along

Stratified Squamous

• Many layers of cells, thin or flattened 

  • Thick.

  • Outer most layer of skin.

Stratified Cuboidal

2 or 3 layers of cubelike cells.