idc

What is a transition metal?

an element that possess a partially filled d-subshell as an atom or in its stable ions.

Why is Zinc not a transition element?

does not have partially filled d-orbital in either metal or compounds.

• forms the Zn2+ ion - both of these have full d-orbitals

What are some properties of a transition metal?

• exhibit variable oxidation state

• form complexes by coordinate bonding

• form coloured complexes

• both metals and compounds act as a catalyst

Why is copper a transition element?

has a full d-orbital but many of its compounds do not

oxidation states and colour of MnO4 - , MnO4 2-, MnO2?

• MnO4 - : +7 purple

• MnO4 2- : +6 green

• MnO2 : +4 orange

Why can transition metals have more than one oxidation/ variable oxidation states?

• energies of 4s and 3d orbitals are very similar

• successive ionisation energies increase gradually (no large jumps)

• relatively easy to lose electron from either of these subshells

transition metal oxidation states colours, and explain them.

• simple ions are lower oxidation states

• higher oxidation states - exists when metals are covalently bonded to very electronegative elements.

common oxidation states of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper?

• chromium - +3 +6

• manganese - +2 +4 +7

• iron - +2 +3

• cobalt - +2 +3

• copper - +1 +2

what are complex ions made up of?

transition metal ion bonded to atoms or molecule which surround it (ligands)

What is a ligand?

• a small molecule with a lone pair of electrons that can form a bond to the transition metal

• forms coordinate bonds with central metal ion - a lone pair of electrons from ligand overlaps empty orbitals on transition metal ion.

complex ions shapes.

what is stereoisomerism?

molecules have the same molecular formula, but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

What is ligand exchange?

• competition between ligands, one ligand in a complex ion is replaced by a different one.

give an example of ligand exchange.

• aq ammonia added to hexxaaqua copper

• royal blue colour

• equilibrium process

explain the equilibrium process when ammonia is added to hexxaaqua copper

• more ammonia - equilibrium shifts to the right (royal blue colour)

• more water - equilibrium shifts to the left