euro complete vocab study

medieval warm period

~1000-1100 AD, good for farming, less storms, and less cold aided growing and ships/travel

Hanseatic League

13-17th centuries, mercantile association, controlled significant trade e.g. fur in russia, fish in norway/sweden, wool in flanders, etc.

Little Ice Age

~1500-1800 (nearly 5.5 centuries) of colder weather, less farming, crops failed, fishing and travel issues with cold weather/seas

3 estate system

1. nobility

2. clergy

3. peasants (98% pop)

chapbooks

books created for people who were barely literate, simple and short language, stories about battles, inventions, tools etc. (news)

manuscripts/paleography

handwritten sources: e.g. records of city councils, law courts, records of life aka marriage, business, etc. Required training to read

printing press

1450; expands spread of ideas, including religious and intellectual, important for making copies of texts

Jews/Ghettos

Jews often not tolerated in areas, in Spain expelled during inquisition, lived in ghettos, areas separate and distinct from other living communities

black death

~1350 killed around 1/3 of the european population; halved total population, many children died, ended with people donating more to the church

purity of Spanish blood

goal to have no Muslim or Jewish mixing with spanish catholic blood, across Iberian peninsula, specifically during ruling of Ferdinand and Isabella and so on

divisions of the Holy Roman Empire

loosely connected Northern to central part of Europe, controlled Northern Italy but little control

town charters

administrative and supervisory offices, agreed upon set of regulations to keep towns running; had increased control of everyday life

universities

increased in 1450s with humanism, increased liberal arts, study of latin/classics

rise of the vernacular

dialects slowly increase into writing, early spanish, french, english, leading to increased centralization, other dialects lack in literary importance/writing

sumptuary laws

controlled what people in each class could spend, wear, consume: lower classes could not buy expensive/imported goods, supposed to prevent lower classes from spending too much but really upheld class divisions

craft guilds

consisted of masters and apprentices, master would teach apprentice the craft, train underneath and eventually open their own guild

Vesalius

famous for depiction of female anatomy/sex organs, showed female as an inverted version of male, lack of names/studies/thought; thought this was because women had a lack of “heat”

foundling hospitals

where people could leave abandoned children/babies; highly unsuccessful

marriage contracts

decided mostly by parents, involved dowries of wives and how much control husbands will have

partible inheritence v primogeniture

inheritence divided equally amoungst children v. all goes to oldest son

galen’s four humors

blood, yellow and black bile, phlegm; early ideas about anatomy; believed to control health and temperament — heat involved here, men seen as hotter to explain expanded brains and shoulders, and pushes sex organs outside body

nation-states

consolidated power, tax systems, increased in size and scope, centralized institutions and government activity, increased statues and ordinances

cannons

mid 15th cen. development, started with rocks and later cannonballs, changed the pattern of warfare and defense mechanisms

• walls surrounding cities went from tall to small and stalky

swiss pikemen

develop mid 15th cen. stood in circle with 10ft pikes

standing armies and navies

started originally with Ottoman Empire, janissaries: on foot body with ranks, expanded to west by 1500 *expensive, navies very slowly increase prestige

Isabella/Ferd marry

Isa *castille and Ferdinand *aragon marry, unify much of spain, begin coquering, very staunch catholics, expel jews and muslims

venality/sale of offices*

offices sold led to corruption in France, monarchy sold offices of government to nobility to make money

conquest of grenada

1492, lots of military force to take over last Muslim land in Iberian peninsula

Inquisition

Spanish inquisition from isa to expel all jews and even conversos (converted jews)

Charles V’s Inheritence

castile and aragon low countries, holy roman emperor 1519-1556

Habsburg-Valois Wars

1494 - 1559; Habsburg (HRE) v Valois (French) fight over claim of Sicily and Naples, ends in 1559 with treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, Habsburg wins

vasari

first art historian, coined “renaissance” to describe art culture etc.

latin grammar schools

mostly rich christian boys that attended, provided years of schooling, focused on humanist teaching

st bartholomew’s day massacre

when henry of navarre married Margret of Valois (France), resulted in many assassinations of huguenots (French protestants), resulted in mass murders across france (incited violence) resulted in deaths and led to Henry of Navarre claiming the French throne

Huguenots

french calvinist protestants

Philipe Duplessis de Mornay, Defense of Liberty against tyrants

written in response to the st bartholomew’s day massacre, urging the limit of royal power to avoid this from happening again

Marsilio Ficino

1430s-90s, Italian philosopher/theologian/humanist, first translation of Plato in european language, famous for translations and comments on plato and greek classics

pico della mirandola

followed Ficino, Platonic view of Christianity, saw God as ultimate, humans in between levels of the physical and the spiritual

Erasmus

Dutch humanist (1470s-1530s), super famous Christian humanist, critical view of the church influenced early protestants

Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier

1508-1516, explained proper behavior in courtiers and court ladies, general manners, spread down the social ladder, not just these people utilized

Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote

1605-1615, possibly most famous spanish novel ever, known as 1st modern novel ever

Marguerite d’ Angouleme (de Navarre), Heptameron

book about stories people tell in time away together, famous stories, famous author

Michelangelo

famous renaissance artist, famous for david statues around 1500, later frescoes in sistine chapel

El greco

greek painter (1540s-1610s), master of spanish painting

mannerism

Italy ~ 1520, elongated limbs, dramatic, emotional, self-conscious technical skills, flattened