SCIENCE ROCKS

8, 10, 11, 12, 13

A mineral has what 5 characteristics

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition, and orderly arrangemt of atoms or ions

what does naturally occuring mean

Means that the mineral is not made in a laboratory

What does solid and inorgainc mean

A solid is matter with tightly packed atoms

inorganic means not made our of carbon, not from living or once living things

what does definite chemical compostion mean

the elements that make up the given mineral never change

what does crystalline form mean

forms in predictable patterns, patterns are formed in a repeating arrangement of atoms in three directions

How do minerals form?

Crystallization occurs when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt solidify and form crystals

How do minerals form? (cool solutions)

Water dissolves certain elements and as the water evaporates it leaves behind dissolved solids that crystallize out of the water (minerals)

How do minerals form? (hot solutions)

Water flows through cracks in Earth carrying dissolved solids and as the water evaporates the minerals form within the cracks

How to minerals form (from magma)

As lava or magma cools atoms arrange themselves forming crystals

Differ in size depending on the cooling rate of magma, lava, or ash

what are rocks

a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains

what two observations help us classify rocks

texture and composition

what is texture

grainf size and the way the grains fit together

what is compsition

what type of minerals or grains are present in the rock

what are the 3 types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the __

rock cycle

igneous rocks form from the ____

cooling of magma or lava

what is extrusive igneous

cools and crystalizes on Earth’s surface

what is intrusive igneous

cools and hardens under Earth’s surface

Igneous rocks are created with energy from the ___

Earth (Earth’s interior)

Extrusive igneous cools __, therefore had fine-grained crytals or no crystals at all

qucikly

Extrusive igneous usually looks very ___

uniform

Extrusive igneous can have holes from where __ escaped while cooling

gas

Extrusive igneous- volcanic glass forms when lava cools so ___ that there are no crystals

quickly

Intrusive igneous cools very __ underground, therefore, has large well-defined crystals

slowly

____ and ___ are used to identify igneous rocks

texture, composition

identification - texture is

crystal size

identification - composition is

classified based on mineral compostion and silica content

Felsic = ____ colored = ____ silica

light, more

Mafic = ____ colored = ____ silica

dark, less

sedimentary rock is rock formed from ___

sediments

____ is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks weather and erode (3 examples)

Sediment, Rock fragments, Mineral crystals, Remains of plants and animals

Sedimentary rocks form where _____ are deposited by wind, ice, gravity, or water.

sediments

younger sediments ____ older sedimets

bury

____ and ____ turn the deposits from sediment into rock

compaction, cementation

Sedimentary rocks form with energy from the ___

sun

______ - the weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases the space between grains

compaction

_______  - when minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains

• Acts like glue

Cementation

what are the 3 types of sedimentay rocks and how are they classified

• Classified according to how they form:

  • Clastic

  • Chemical

  • Biochemical

______ - sedimentary rocks that are made up of broken pieces of minerals and rock fragments

• Classified based on clast size & shape

Clastic Rocks

__________ form when minerals crystallize directly from water

• __________ often have an interlocking crystalline texture, are uniform in color, and are made of one dominant mineral

Chemical rocks

______  is a sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms

• Type of rock where fossils are found

biochemical rock

_____ are created when igneous or sedimentary rocks are exposed to extreme heat and pressure

Metamorphic rocks

____ is any process that affects the structure or composition of a rock in a solid state as a result of changes in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids.

metamorphism

most metamorphic rocks form ____

deep withon Earth’s crust but do not crustallize from magma

metamorphic rocks are created by extreme heat and pressure from a ____ (energy from the Earth)

Parent rock

_______ - a permanent change in shape caused by bending or folding

plastic deformation

what are the two types of metamorphic rocks

foliated and nonfoliated

___ rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals

• This layering results from an uneven distribution of pressure

foliated

____ rocks have mineral grains with a random, interlocking texture

• Individual crystals are blocky and uniform in size and color

nonfoliated

________ - Magma comes in contact with existing rock, and its thermal energy and gases interact with the surrounding rock, forming new metamorphic rock.

contact metamorphism

contact metamorphism can ____ crystal size or form new minerals and change rock

increase

______ - The formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size

regional metamorphism

regional metamorphism creates entire ____ of metamorphic rock

mountain ranges

do you know this diagram? ( yes or no)

if you said yes - great job!

if you said no - you better study it!