Unit 2 Bio Test: Classification System, Viruses and Bacteria

Prokaryote

A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, characterized by their simple cellular structure.(has no nucleus)

Eukaryote

A type of organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists, characterized by their complex cellular structure. (has nucleus)

Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell (think of it as the brain of a cell or the boss of a factory aka tells the other cells what to do) (only in living things)

Taxonomy

Science of naming and classifying organisms

Species

Group whose members can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

Binomial Nomenclature

Two-part system used to scientifically name organisms (genus, species)

Prokaryote

Organism whose cells lack a true nucleus

Eukaryote

Organism whose cells contain a true nucleus

Autotroph

Organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

Organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms/material

Phylogeny

Study of evolutionary relationships/history (is the family tree of all living things. It shows how different animals, plants, and bacteria are related to each other and how they evolved from a common ancestor.)

Place the Taxonomic Levels in order from LEAST specific (largest) to MOST specific (smallest): Family, Species, Kingdom, Domain, Genus, Class, Order, Phylum

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which Taxonomic Level is the broadest?

The Domain (at the beginning)

Which Taxonomic Level is the most specific?

The Species (At the end)

Consider these two organisms: Canis lupus and Canis latrans.

What part of the scientific name represents the genus?

The first word (Canis)

Consider these two organisms: Canis lupus and Canis latrans. Are these organisms the same species?

No, because they have different second words and the second words represent the species

Consider these two organisms: Canis lupus and Canis latrans. What does their scientific naming tell you about their classification?

They belong to the same genus, which means they are very closely related

Write the scientific name correctly: felis CATUS

Felis catus (capitalize the Genus, lowercase the Species and italicize or underline the genus and species)

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Domain Eubacteria

Prokaryote, Unicellular, Various nutritional mode and important traits (autotroph, heterotroph, etc.)

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Archaebacteria

Prokaryote, Unicellular, many live in extreme environments

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Kingdom Protista

Eukaryote, mostly Unicellular, is either Autotroph or heterotroph

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Kingdom Fungi

Eukaryote, Mostly multicellular, Heterotroph (decomposer/absorbs nutrients)

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Kingdom Plantae

Eukaryote, Multicellular, Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

Complete the comparison: Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Uni/Multicellular? Nutrition/Important Trait?: Kingdom Animalia

Eukaryote, Multicellular, Heterotroph (ingestive)

Identify the most appropriate kingdom/group: Unicellular, prokaryotic organism found in an extreme environment

Archaea

Identify the most appropriate kingdom/group: Multicellular organism with chloroplasts that makes its own food

Plantae

Identify the most appropriate kingdom/group: Eukaryotic decomposer that absorbs nutrients

Fungi

Identify the most appropriate kingdom/group: Unicellular aquatic eukaryotes that may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Protista

Identify the most appropriate kingdom/group: Multicellular eukaryotes that must consume other organisms for food

Animalia

What is the main difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that holds their DNA like a secure vault, while prokaryotic cells let their DNA float around freely(lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) because they don’t have a nucleus

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

An autotroph makes its own food from scratch, while a heterotroph has to eat other things(like organisms) to get its energy

Give one similarity between fungi and plants.

Both are eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls

Give one important difference between fungi and plants.

Plants are autotrophs that make their own food through photosynthesis, while fungi have to eat other things for energy (heterotrophs). Their cell walls also differ: plants have cellulose, while fungi have chitin

A cladogram shows _____________________ relationships among organisms.

evolutionary

Organisms that share a more recent common ancestor are generally more _____________ related.

closely

Traits that appear along branches can be used to determine which organisms share certain ____________ ____________.

derived characters (a new trait that evolved in a specific group of organisms but was missing their ancestors)

What does phylogeny mean?

The evolutionary history and relationships of a species or group of organisms

A virus contains genetic material in the form of _________________.

DNA/RNA

The protein coat surrounding viral genetic material is called a __________________.

capsid

Viruses cannot ___________________ independently.

reproduce

A virus must infect a ___________________ to make more viruses.

host cell

During the _________________ cycle, new viruses are produced and the host cell is destroyed.

lytic

During the ___________________ cycle, viral genetic material can remain within the host’s genetic material before becoming active.

lysogenic

Why can’t a virus reproduce completely on its own?

They lack cellular machinery (like ribosomes and organelles) needed to replicate DNA and make proteins

What do viruses have in common with living cells?

They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) and can evolve overtime

Explain what happens to a host cell during the lytic cycle.

The virus take over the cell to build copies of itself, causing the host cell to burst open (lyse) and die

Why would antibiotics NOT be an appropriate treatment for a viral infection?

Antibiotics target bacterial cell structures (like cell walls), which virus do not have

Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they do NOT have a ___________________.

nucleus

Bacteria are ______________ - celled organisms.

single

Give TWO examples of bacteria.

E. coli and Salmonella

Are all bacteria harmful?

No

Give ONE beneficial role of bacteria/

Helping in Human digestion or decomposing organic waste

Give one way that Archaea may differ from other bacteria.

Archaea can live in places where normal bacteria would die instantly, like boiling hot springs, super salty lakes, or deep underwater volcanoes.

Why are decomposer microorganisms important to ecosystems?

They break down dead organisms and recycle crucial nutrients back into the soil

A student investigates whether pH affects bacterial growth. Four identical cultures of the same bacterial species are grown at different pH levels. After 24 hours, the number of colonies is counted. What is the Independent Variable?

pH levels

A student investigates whether pH affects bacterial growth. Four identical cultures of the same bacterial species are grown at different pH levels. After 24 hours, the number of colonies is counted. What is the dependent variable?

bacterial growth

A student investigates whether pH affects bacterial growth. Four identical cultures of the same bacterial species are grown at different pH levels. After 24 hours, the number of colonies is counted. Give TWO controls.

Hours of growth time (24 hours) and Same bacterial species

A student investigates whether pH affects bacterial growth. Four identical cultures of the same bacterial species are grown at different pH levels. After 24 hours, the number of colonies is counted. Why should the student use the same bacterial species in every group?

To ensure any changes are from the pH levels and not the species

A student investigates whether pH affects bacterial growth. Four identical cultures of the same bacterial species are grown at different pH levels. After 24 hours, the number of colonies is counted. If the student repeats the experiment and obtains similar results, what does this tell you about the experiment?

It shows the results are accurate and reliable

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable during an experiment.