Childhood Diseases (Rashes) and Common Laboratory-Acquired Infections; Common Laboratory-Acquired Infections

Answer: C. Measles

A. Incorrect — Rubella is the Third disease.

B. Incorrect — Scarlet fever is the Second disease.

C. Correct — Measles, also called rubeola, is the First disease.

D. Incorrect — Roseola infantum is the Sixth disease.

E. Incorrect — Erythema infectiosum is the Fifth disease.

Which disease is traditionally called the First disease?

A. Rubella

B. Scarlet fever

C. Measles

D. Roseola infantum

E. Erythema infectiosum

Answer: A. Scarlet fever — Streptococcus pyogenes

A. Correct — Scarlet fever is traditionally called the Second disease and is caused by toxin-producing S. pyogenes. (erysipelas)

B. Incorrect — Rubella is the Third disease.

C. Incorrect — Measles is the First disease.

D. Incorrect — Fifth disease.

E. Incorrect — Sixth disease.

The Second disease is traditionally associated with which condition and organism?

A. Scarlet fever — Streptococcus pyogenes

B. Rubella — Rubella virus

C. Measles — Measles virus

D. Erythema infectiosum — Parvovirus B19

E. Roseola infantum — HHV-6

Answer: D. Rubella

A. Incorrect — First disease.

B. Incorrect — Second disease.

C. Incorrect — Fourth disease.

D. Correct — Rubella is the Third disease, also called German measles.

E. Incorrect — Sixth disease.

Which disease is traditionally known as the Third disease?

A. Measles

B. Scarlet fever

C. Dukes' disease

D. Rubella

E. Roseola infantum

Answer: E. Fourth disease

A. Incorrect — Measles.

B. Incorrect — Scarlet fever.

C. Incorrect — Rubella.

D. Incorrect — Erythema infectiosum.

E. Correct — Dukes' disease is traditionally called the Fourth disease. Its cause remains historically uncertain.

Dukes' disease is traditionally known as which numbered childhood disease?

A. First disease

B. Second disease

C. Third disease

D. Fifth disease

E. Fourth disease

Answer: B. Parvovirus B19

A. Incorrect — Causes rubella.

B. Correct — Parvovirus B19 causes erythema infectiosum, or Fifth disease.

C. Incorrect — Causes measles.

D. Incorrect — Usually causes Sixth disease.

E. Incorrect — Causes scarlet fever, or Second disease.

Fifth disease is caused by which organism?

A. Rubella virus

B. Parvovirus B19

C. Measles virus

D. HHV-6

E. Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer: C. Exanthem subitum

A. Incorrect — Second disease.

B. Incorrect — Third disease.

C. Correct — Exanthem subitum, or roseola infantum, is the Sixth disease.

D. Incorrect — Fifth disease.

E. Incorrect — First disease.

Sixth disease is also known as which condition?

A. Scarlet fever

B. Rubella

C. Exanthem subitum

D. Erythema infectiosum

E. Measles

Answer: A. HHV-6

A. Correct — Human herpesvirus 6 is the most common cause of roseola infantum.

B. Incorrect — Causes Fifth disease.

C. Incorrect — Causes rubella.

D. Incorrect — Causes measles.

E. Incorrect — Causes infectious mononucleosis and other conditions.

Which virus is most commonly associated with Sixth disease?

A. HHV-6

B. Parvovirus B19

C. Rubella virus

D. Measles virus

E. Epstein-Barr virus

Answer: E. Erythema infectiosum

A. Incorrect — Measles usually causes a generalized maculopapular rash.

B. Incorrect — Rubella typically produces a fine maculopapular rash.

C. Incorrect — Scarlet fever produces a fine, sandpaper-like rash.

D. Incorrect — Roseola classically presents with fever followed by a rash as the fever resolves.

E. Correct — Fifth disease commonly produces a slapped-cheek rash due to Parvovirus B19.

A child develops a characteristic facial rash often described as a "slapped-cheek" appearance. Which disease is most likely?

A. Measles

B. Rubella

C. Scarlet fever

D. Roseola infantum

E. Erythema infectiosum

Answer: D. Sixth disease is usually associated with HHV-6.

A. Incorrect — First disease is measles.

B. Incorrect — Second disease is scarlet fever.

C. Incorrect — Fifth disease is caused by Parvovirus B19.

D. Correct — HHV-6 is the principal cause of Sixth disease.

E. Incorrect — The cause of Dukes' disease is historically uncertain.

Which statement about the traditional childhood exanthems is CORRECT?

A. First disease is rubella.

B. Second disease is erysipelas.

C. Fifth disease is caused by HHV-6.

D. Sixth disease is usually associated with HHV-6.

E. Fourth disease is definitely caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Answer: B. Second disease

A. Incorrect — Measles is caused by measles virus.

B. Correct — Scarlet fever, the Second disease, is caused by S. pyogenes.

C. Incorrect — Rubella is caused by rubella virus.

D. Incorrect — Fifth disease is caused by Parvovirus B19.

E. Incorrect — Sixth disease is usually caused by HHV-6.

Which numbered childhood disease is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A. First disease

B. Second disease

C. Third disease

D. Fifth disease

E. Sixth disease

Answer: C. Shigellosis

A. Incorrect — Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection.

B. Incorrect — HIV is a bloodborne viral infection.

C. Correct — Shigella can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, including exposure to contaminated specimens.

D. Incorrect — Hepatitis D is a bloodborne viral infection and requires HBV.

E. Incorrect — Trichophyton causes dermatophyte infections.

Which of the following is a common laboratory-acquired bacterial infection associated with exposure to contaminated stool specimens?

A. Coccidioidomycosis

B. HIV infection

C. Shigellosis

D. Hepatitis D

E. Trichophyton infection

Answer: A. Brucella species

A. Correct — Brucella species cause brucellosis and are important laboratory-acquired pathogens.

B. Incorrect — F. tularensis causes tularemia.

C. Incorrect — M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis.

D. Incorrect — Salmonella species cause salmonellosis.

E. Incorrect — Shigella species cause shigellosis.

Which organism causes brucellosis, an occupational infection that may affect laboratory personnel?

A. Brucella species

B. Francisella tularensis

C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D. Salmonella species

E. Shigella species

Answer: D. Francisella tularensis

A. Incorrect — Causes brucellosis.

B. Incorrect — Causes salmonellosis.

C. Incorrect — Causes shigellosis.

D. Correct — F. tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia.

E. Incorrect — Causes coccidioidomycosis.

Tularemia is caused by which organism?

A. Brucella abortus

B. Salmonella enteritidis

C. Shigella dysenteriae

D. Francisella tularensis

E. Coccidioides immitis

Answer: B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A. Incorrect — Causes brucellosis.

B. Correct — M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, commonly affecting the lungs.

C. Incorrect — Causes tularemia.

D. Incorrect — Causes typhoid fever.

E. Incorrect — Causes coccidioidomycosis.

Which organism is responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis?

A. Brucella species

B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

C. Francisella tularensis

D. Salmonella typhi

E. Coccidioides species

Answer: E. Fungus

A. Incorrect — Coccidioides is not a bacterium.

B. Incorrect — It is not a virus.

C. Incorrect — It is not a protozoan.

D. Incorrect — It is not a helminth.

E. Correct — Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides species.

Coccidioidomycosis is caused by which type of microorganism?

A. Bacterium

B. Virus

C. Protozoan

D. Helminth

E. Fungus

Answer: C. Dermatophyte infection

A. Incorrect — Tuberculosis is caused by M. tuberculosis.

B. Incorrect — Hepatitis is caused by hepatitis viruses.

C. Correct — T. mentagrophytes is a dermatophyte fungus that causes skin, hair, or nail infections.

D. Incorrect — Brucellosis is caused by Brucella species.

E. Incorrect — Tularemia is caused by F. tularensis.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes is most commonly associated with which type of infection?

A. Tuberculosis

B. Hepatitis

C. Dermatophyte infection

D. Brucellosis

E. Tularemia

Answer: A. HBV, HCV, HDV, and HIV

A. Correct — Hepatitis B, C, and D viruses and HIV are bloodborne viruses.

B. Incorrect — TB is bacterial, and Shigella is bacterial.

C. Incorrect — Brucella and Salmonella are bacteria.

D. Incorrect — Coccidioides is a fungus and TB is bacterial.

E. Incorrect — Trichophyton is a fungus and Brucella is bacterial.

Which group consists entirely of bloodborne viral infections that may be acquired in the laboratory?

A. HBV, HCV, HDV, and HIV

B. TB, HBV, Shigella, and HIV

C. Brucella, HCV, Salmonella, and HDV

D. Coccidioides, HIV, TB, and HBV

E. Trichophyton, HBV, HCV, and Brucella

Answer: D. Hepatitis D virus

A. Incorrect — HAV does not require HBV.

B. Incorrect — HCV does not require HBV.

C. Incorrect — HEV does not require HBV.

D. Correct — HDV requires hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), supplied by HBV, to complete its life cycle.

E. Incorrect — HDV is specifically dependent on HBV.

Which hepatitis virus depends on hepatitis B virus for its life cycle?

A. Hepatitis A virus

B. Hepatitis C virus

C. Hepatitis E virus

D. Hepatitis D virus

E. None of the above

Answer: B. Accidental needlestick injury involving contaminated blood

A. Incorrect — Reading a manual does not ordinarily expose personnel to infectious material.

B. Correct — Needlestick injuries can introduce infected blood directly into the body.

C. Incorrect — Proper microscope use is not a typical bloodborne exposure route.

D. Incorrect — Proper labeling helps prevent specimen errors and exposure.

E. Incorrect — Appropriate PPE helps reduce exposure risk.

Which laboratory practice presents a significant risk for acquiring bloodborne infections such as HBV, HCV, and HIV?

A. Reading a printed laboratory manual

B. Accidental needlestick injury involving contaminated blood

C. Using a properly maintained microscope

D. Labeling specimen containers correctly

E. Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment

Answer: E. Tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia, and coccidioidomycosis

A. Incorrect — These are primarily bloodborne infections.

B. Incorrect — Shigella and Salmonella are commonly associated with fecal-oral exposure.

C. Incorrect — Dermatophytes generally spread through direct contact with infected skin, hair, or contaminated materials.

D. Incorrect — These are viral infections, not the principal group highlighted for laboratory aerosol risks.

E. Correct — These pathogens can pose serious risks through inhalation of infectious aerosols, depending on the organism and laboratory procedure.

Which group of infections is particularly important when considering aerosol or inhalation exposure in the laboratory?

A. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV only

B. Shigellosis and salmonellosis only

C. Dermatophyte infection only

D. Rubella and measles only

E. Tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia, and coccidioidomycosis