CH12 Male Reproductive IPHY2400

re-

again and again; backward; unable to prefix

product/o-

produce prefix

-ive

pertaining to prefix

genit/o-

genitalia prefix

urin/o-

urinary system, urine prefix

Gynecomastia

Enlargement of male breast tissue that may occur during puberty, again, after testicular removal, or with hormone therapy for prostate cancer

(Diseases of the Male Breast)

gynec/o-

female prefix

mast/o-

breast prefix

-ia

condition suffix

Scrotum

The soft pouch of skin located behind the penus

• Contains the testes, epididymis, and part of each vas deferens

• Helps regulate testicular temperature

Testes

egg-shaped glands about 2 inches long

• Contains seminiferous tubules (small, tightly coiled tubes that produce spermatozoa (immature sperm cells))

• Produce sperm

• Serve as male gonads

• Secrete testosterone

Epididymis

Long, tightly coiled tube attached to the testis. Connects the testes to each testis

• Sperm maturation

• Sperm storage

• Removal of defective sperm

• Sperm gain the acrosome, an enzyme-filled cap needed for fertilization

Cryptorchidism

One or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum

• Usually identified by about 9 months of age

Why it matters

• Higher temperature inside the body can impair sperm development

• May lead to low sperm count or infertility later in life

• Spermatozoa require the lower temperature to develop properly

(Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis)

crypt/o-

Hidden, concealed, or obscured prefix

orchid/o-

Testis prefix

-ism

disease from a specific cause

Epididymitis

Infection or inflammation of the epididymis

• Urinary tract infection

• Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

(Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis)

epi-

above prefix

-didymis

twin or two suffix

Infertility

Inability to cause pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse

Possible causes

• Hormone imbalance

• Undescended testes

• Testicular damage

• Infection

• Low sperm count

• Abnormal sperm

• Varicocele (varicose veins of the testes)

(Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis)

Oligospermia

Condition in which fewer than the normal number of sperm cells are produced

May be caused by hormone imbalance or undescended testes

Also called a low sperm count

(Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis)

olig/o-

few or scanty prefix

sperm/o-

sperm prefix

Testicular cancer

Cancerous tumor of one or both testes

• Often arises from abnormal immature sperm cells (spermatocytes)

Warning signs

• Lump in the testis

• Change in size or shape of the testis

• Swelling or heaviness in the scrotum

Key fact

• Most common cancer in males age 15-35

• Also known as seminoma

(Diseases of the Testis and Epididymis)

semin/o-

sperm prefix (not obvious as the other one)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Benign (noncancerous) gradual enlargement of the prostate gland

• Common age-related enlargement of the prostate gland

• Enlarged prostate compresses the urethra

• Bladder may not empty completely

May cause

• Urinary hesitancy

• Dribbling

• Frequent urination

• Weak or narrowed urine stream

(diseases of the prostate)

hyper-

above, more than normal prefix

plas/o-

Development, growth, or formation prefix

Cancer of the prostate gland

Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas

• Often slow growing

• May have a few early signs or symptoms

• Treatment may include monitoring, surgery, radiation, or medication

(Diseases of the Prostate)

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland

• May be acute or chronic

• Often caused by bacterial infection

• Can result from urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease

• May cause pain, fever, and difficulty urinating

(Diseases of the Prostate)

Aden/o-

Gland

Carcin/o-

Cancer prefix

Epispadias

Congenital disease of the penis where the urethral meatus is located at the top of the glans penis

(Diseases of the Penis)

Hypospadias

Congenital disease of the penis where the urethral meatus is located at the bottom of the glans penis

(Diseases of the Penis)

Chordee

Downward curvature of the penis during erection

• Usually congenital (present at birth)

• Caused by a cord-like band of tissue along the underside of the penis

• May interfere with urination, sexual function, or comfort in severe cases

• Severe cases can be corrected surgically

(Diseases of the Penis)

Dyspareunia

Painful or difficult sexual intercourse

• May occur before, during, or after intercourse

• Postcoital pain = pain after intercourse

Dys-

Painful or difficult prefix

Parun/o-

Sexual intercourse or lying together prefix

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection

May result from

• Cardiovascular or neurologic disease

• Diabetes mellitus

• Low testosterone

• Smoking

• Medication side effects

• Psychological factors

Also known as impotence

(Diseases of the Penis)

Phimosis

Congenital condition in which the foreskin is too tight to retract over the glans penis

• May trap smegma (sebaceous secretions) in the foreskin

• Can increase the risk of irritation or infection

(Diseases of the Penis)

Phim/o-

Muzzle, narrow, or close tightly prefix

Priapism

Persistent, often painful erection that lasts for an abnormally long time

• May be associated with pain and tenderness

• Can become a medical emergency if prolonged

Muzzle, narrow, or close tightly

Priap/o-

Persistent erection prefix

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Symptoms may include:

• Fever

• Night sweats

• Weight loss

• Fatigue

Antiretroviral drugs can slow disease progression

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Chlamydia

Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

Men experience painful urination, burning, itching, and urethral discharge

Women may have no symptoms or mild vaginal discharge

• Treated with oral antibiotics

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Genital herpes

Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 2

• Affected individuals experience blisters on the genitals and/or anus; when these blisters break, they become ulcers

• Some patients may have flu-like symptoms

• Topical and oral antiviral drugs shorten the duration of outbreaks but do not completely eliminate the virus from the body

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Genital warts

Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)

• Affected individuals experience itchy, flesh-colored, irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower-like

• Women may also have vaginal discharge

• Treatment is with topical chemicals or procedures to remove the warts

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Gonorrhea

Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Individuals may have no symptoms or experience painful urination and thick, yellow discharge

• Treated with oral antibiotics

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

Syphilis

Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum

• Affected individuals have a painless chancre on the genitals that ulcerates, forms a crust, and heals

• Later, there is fever, rash, and various symptoms that mimic other diseases

• Treated with oral antibiotics

(Sexually Transmitted Diseases)