GCU Bio-201 Exam 1 Latest updated questions and answers + rationales - Grand Canyon University

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Exocytosis

release of substances outside a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

osmosis

Low to High, Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

isotonic solution

when the concentration of two solutions is the same (moving in and out equally)

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater outside then inside the cell that resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than the inside the cell; cell gains water

oncotic pressure

pulls fluid into the capillaries and/or prevents fluid from leaving.

hydrostatic pressure

increases filtration by pushing fluid and solute OUT of the capillaries

crenation

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.

hemolysis

destruction/split of red blood cells

active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

passive(facilitated) transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Co-transport

TWO substances are transported together by one protein no ATPase activity

Countertransport

One substance is being transported into the cell membrane and the other is getting transported in the opposite direction.

What are some factors that affect diffusion?

• Temperature

• Solvent Density

• Distance traveled

Simple Diffusion

high to low concentration easy to flow through cell membrane; Oxygen is an example

Channel Mediated

Only the right shape gets through example little kid shape puzzles

List the three categories of transport across the cell membrane.

• Active transport

• Carrier Mediated

• Channel mediated

the structure of the mitochondrion

outer membrane, inter membrane space, inner membrane, cristae (folds in im), matrix

phosphorylation

The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.

Hydrolysis

how the body breaks the bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP, which is what gives us energy

ATP synth(make)-ase (Enzyme) does what?

Makes ATP

ATP-ase (Enzyme)

break down of ATP

Metabolism

"Work" the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Glucose

"Bodies Gold" A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

AMP

Adenosine monophosphate, ATP minus 2 phosphate groups

What ion is used to power ATP synthase in order to regenerate ATP?

H+ ions

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen

anaerobic respiration

Does not require oxygen

Oxidation

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

reduction

Gain of electrons

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

What is the fate of the pyruvate generated at the end of glycolysis? In other words, where does it go next?

Gets broken up and goes into fermentation (Anaerobic) or goes into the Krebs cycle (aerobic)

Is lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation efficient ways to generate energy?

No, cost 6 ATPs only returns 2

Cori Cycle

Krebs cycle

What is the purpose of the Cori Cycle (Lactic acid cycle)?

If the body runs out of oxygen the body can stay alive and functioning for a few more minutes.

The Krebs cycle produces what?

CO2, NADH, FADH2 that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration

What is Oxygen's role in the electron transport chain?

To stabilize H ions

Cellular Respiration steps and how much ATP each one produces

1. Glycolysis (NET 2)

2. Krebs Cycle (Net 2)

3. Electron Transport Chain (Net 32)

Total 36 ATPs

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of Pyruvate's

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Electron Transport Chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Anatomy and Physiology

structure and function

Specialties of Anatomy

- Gross Anatomy: Macroscopic, looking at large structures.

- Surface Anatomy: Study of form and superficial surfaces.

- Regional Anatomy: Specific areas of the body, ex. Heart, neck, trunk.

- Systemic Anatomy: Study of the organ system and how they function together in a coordinate manner.

- Microscopic anatomy: study of structures we cannot see, ex. Cytology(study of cells) and Histology(study of tissues)

Specialties of physiology

- Cell physiology: study of the function of the cell

- Organ physiology: The study of the function of a specific organ.

- Systemic physiology: The function of a specific organ system.

- Pathological physiology: effects of disease on an organ function

The levels of structural organization that make up the human body

1. Chemical Level: Atom, the smallest stable unit of matter

2. Cellular Level: Cells, smallest living units in the body.

3.Tissue Level: Tissues, groups of cells working together to preform one specific function.

4.Organ Level: Organs, made up of two or more tissues working together for a specific function, ex. Layers of Connective tissue & cardiac muscle to form the heart.

5.Organ System Level: A group of organs working together to perform a particular function has a system, ex. the cardiovascular system.

6.Organism Level: The human body all the levels working together to form one the highest level.

Catabolism

Breaks down

Anabolism

Builds up

homeostasis

(Equilibrium) The body way of staying balanced through positive and negative responses. Without it we would DIE.

Intrinsic/Autoregulation

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Extrinsic Regulation

Response to an environment change controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Three control systems involved in maintaining homeostasis

(1) Receptor - Receives the signal of environmental change

(2) Control Center - Process the signal of change and sends out the command to the effector.

(3) Effector - Responders to the change either through increases or decreases the stimulus. Aka. positive and negative responses!

Negative Feedback

-A way of counteracting a change

-Ex. Rising body tempter; Causes the body to uses negative feedback to cool the body back down

Positive Feedback

-Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change.

-Ex. Child birth; Causes the body to dilate and respond to the baby coming out.

4 major elements found in the human body

Oxygen,

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Pure covalent bond

no difference between the two atoms sharing the electrons. The electronegativity of the two atoms is identical.

Polar covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

diatomic

A molecule consisting of two atoms

List the seven most common diatomic elements

hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine chlorine iodine and Bromine

Describe the process of hydrogen bonding and its importance in the interaction between

Water

The hydrogen atom of a water molecule have a slight positive charge and the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge. Hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules. Add a water surface they attraction between water molecules slows the rate of decoration and creates what is known as surface tension. Surface tension acts as a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water.

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface

Explain why when a person's cells freeze, the damage is often irreversible.

When the cell de-frost it expands and ruptures

four properties of water

solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication

Dipolar molecule

A molecule that has two positive ends and two negative ends such as the water molecule.

Hydrophilic head

water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

What is the major organ responsible for electrolyte balance in the human body?

Kidneys

List the major electrolytes found in the human body that are necessary for survival.

Sodium (Na+)

Chloride (Cl-)

Potassium (K+)

Magnesium (Mg++)

Calcium (Ca++)

Phosphate (HPO4-)

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

pH

- A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances.

- A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point.

Acidosis

- Excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)

- Below 7.35

Alkalosis

- Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)

- Above 7.45

Acid

acid pH lower than 7.0

high H+ concentration, low OH— concentration

Base

Base pH higher than 7.0

low H+ concentration, high OH— concentration

inverse relationship

a relationship in which one variable decreases when another variable increases

organic compounds

Carbon and hydrogen always form the bases

inorganic compounds

Do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as their primary structural ingredient.

How many bonds does carbon generally form

four

Monosaccharaides are

simple sugars

Disaccharides are

double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose

Seven Major Protein Functions

1. Support

• Structural proteins

2. Movement

• Contractile proteins

3. Transport

• Transport (carrier)

proteins

4. Buffering

• Regulation of pH

5. Metabolic Regulation

• Enzymes

6. Coordination and

Control

• Hormones

7. Defense

• Antibodies

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

primary protein structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions (a shoe lace)

quaternary protein structure

2+ protein chains forming functional protein (A fist of shoe laces)

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

activation energy

energy that is needed to get a reaction started

endergonic reaction

Absorbs work energy

exergonic reaction

releases work energy

glycoproteins is found where?

floating in or around the membrane of cells