Interpreting model output

Sign

What tells you the direction of a coefficient's effect?

Zero

What coefficient value means no relationship?

Excludes zero

What does a confidence interval for a coefficient suggest if it does not include 0?

Includes zero

What does a confidence interval suggest if it does include 0?

Coefficient equals 0

What is the null hypothesis tested for each coefficient?

Significance test

What does the p-value column in the coefficients table assess?

Overall model

What does the F-test p-value at the bottom of a summary assess?

Standardised variables

What type of variables puts coefficients on a comparable scale?

Z-scores

What transformation creates standardised variables?

Average of the predictors

What does the intercept represent when all predictors are Z-scores?

Effect size and uncertainty

What should a coefficient be reported with?

Missing values

What causes observations to be deleted from a model automatically?

Dropped

What does lm() do with rows that have missing values?