The Experience of Germans Under the Nazis (3)

When was the New Plan and what did it do?

1934-36

-Dr Schacht

-Limited imports

-Trade agreements made

-Mefo bills paid for rearmament without other countries knowing

Why didn't Hitler like the New Plan?

-Not quick enough improvement.

-Hitler wanted to rearm by 1935.

-Schacht resigned in 1937 and later was sent to a concentration camp

When were the Nuremburg Laws introudcued

September 1935

The Law for Protection of German Blood and Honor

An Aryan could not marry a Jew and Jews couldn't have citizenship

The Reich Citizenship Law

Jews were subjects not citizens and must have a "J" marked on their passport

When was Berlin Olympics what was it done for?

August 1936 used to showcase Nazi ideas. Largest stop clock ever built in a brand new stadium

Who was Himmler?

-Head of the SS from 1929 and chief of German police from 1936

-oversaw the SS, Gestapo and camps

When did the Gestapo broke up 1000 underground meetings of Social Democrats in Exile

1936

1937 What was banned?

Carols and nativity plays

Four-Year Plan

1936-1940- Hermann Goering

Prepare for self-sufficiency within 4 years

-Increased production of raw materials

-Further reduced imports

-Used forced labour; Hermann Goering Works set up

How much did the Nazis rely on for imports?

1/3

97% of teachers joined the…

Nazi Teachers' Association

80% joined…by 1939

Hitler Youth

Why did Hitler want to get rid of religion?

It had more members than the Nazi party and people would worship God more than him

Why did the Nazis target women?

To raise the birth rate and free jobs for men

-1933 Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave loans for women leaving work

How did Hitler's policies on women backfire?

From 1937, he wanted them to go back to work as the war started

1943- 3 Million women called to work but only 1 million took it up

When was Kristallnacht

9th-10th November 1938

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany after murder of von Rath

100 Jews murdered

1000s sent to concentration camps

Synagogues burnt

When was there a Mass arrest of Jews?

12th March 1939

Mass arrest of Jews

30,000 men and boys to concentration camps

1939 (Jews)

Ghettos set up as Germany gained land from other countries

When were church schools abolished?

1939

Unemployment in 1939

0.5 million

Reich Labour Service (RAD)

Group set up to employ young Germans.

Service for 6 months was compulsory for men 18-25 from 1935.

Step 1 of 'undesirables'

Propaganda to stir up hatred

Step 2 of 'undesirables'

July 1933- Sterilisation Law

Number of sterilised 1934-35

350,000

Step 3 of 'undesirables'

Sent to concentration camps

Number of Gypsies killed in camps

25,000

Step 4 of 'undesirables'

1939

Euthanasia campaign to exterminate mentally ill e.g. Grafeneck Asylum

How many were killed by step 4 by 1941?

72,000

Percentage of population Jews

1% but 17% of bankers

November 1940

Warsaw Ghetto formed- biggest and most famous

1941- Einsatzgruppen

Entered Poland and Russia and shot on sight 500,000 and mobile gas chamber used

When was the Wannsee Conference, what was it?

Wannsee Conference-January 1942

-Final Solution

-Quickest way to eliminate remaining 11 million Jews. 6 million Jews were killed at 6 major death camps.

First extermination camp

Auschwitz

What was the Nazi 'Aryan' ideal?

A supposed master race of 'pure' Germans, defined against Jews, Roma, Slavs and the disabled; used to justify persecution and the Final Solution

1943-44

Began to prepare for 'total war'- everything not helping the war effort was shut down

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

-Working-class youth in western Germany who rejected the Hitler Youth, listened to banned music and helped deserters

-some executed in 1944

Who were the Swing Youth?

-Mostly middle-class youths who listened to banned jazz/swing and adopted a provocative style

-cultural rather than political resistance

When was the Stauffenberg Bomb Plot?

July 1944

What was the impact of bombing on Germany?

Allied bombing destroyed cities and industry, killed hundreds of thousands, caused evacuation and morale collapse in 1944-45

What were labour shortages and how were they solved?

-Conscription removed German workers

-Germany used foreign workers, POWs and forced labourers (millions by 1944)

Who were the refugees?

From 1944 millions fled the advancing Red Army from eastern Germany; faced hunger, cold and overcrowding

Bonhoeffer dies

Concentration camp 8th April 1945

5 ways Nazis kept control through terror

-SS

-Concentration camps

-Gestapo,courts and prisons

-Informers

Who was made Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in 1933?

Josef Goebbels

Nazi control of newspapers 1939

2/3

Number of families with radios 1932-39

25-70%

6000 public loudspeakers Film going x4 1933-1942

Cinema under Nazis Jud Suss, has to watch Nazi adverts, films about strength of Nazi party

When were Nuremberg rallies?

September 1933-38

White Rose Group

Sophie and Hans Scholl distributed leaflets

Founders of the Confessional Church

Martin Niemoller and Diedrich Bonhoeffer

Why didn't Hitler actually have control?

He was indecisive, got up late, hated paperwork and only liked the military side of ruling meaning decisions were made by his closest advisors

What were the benefits of Nazi economic policy?

-Unemployment fell from 6 million (1932) to 0.5 million (1939)

-public works and rearmament created jobs; national pride and order

What were the drawbacks of Nazi economic policy?

-Low wages

-no trade unions

-forced labour

-consumer goods shortages

-manipulated statistics

-preparation for war

Why did the Nazis target young people?

To indoctrinate a loyal generation, prepare them for war, and reduce family and Church influence