apes ecosystems and biomes 1.1-1.11

individual

one organism

population

group of individuals of same species

community

all living organisms in an area

ecosystem

all living and nonliving things in an area

biome

large area with similar climate conditions that determine plant and animal species there

competition

organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits population size

predation

one organism using another for energy source

mutualism

relationship that benefits both organisms

commensalism

relationship that benefits one organism and doesn’t impact the other

herbivores

eat plants for energy

true predators

kill and eat prey for energy

parasites

use host organism for energy, often without killing the hot and often living inside host

parasitoids

lay eggs inside a host organism; eggs hatch and larvae eat host for energy

symbiosis

any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of different species

resource partitioning

different species using the same resource in different ways to reduce competition

temporal partitioning

using resource at different times, such as wolves and coyotes hunting at different times of day

spatial partitioning

using different areas of a shared habitat

morphological partitioning

using different resources based on different evolved body features

intraspecific

competition within an organism

interspecific

competition between an organism

density dependent limiting factor

higher population density means more competition

salinity

how much salt there is in a body of water

depth

influences how much sunlight can penetrate and reach plants below the surface for photosynthesis

flow

determines which plants and organisms can survive, and how much o2 can dissolve into the water

temperature

warmer water holds less dissolved o2 so it can support fewer aquatic organisms

turbidity

cloudiness of the water, how much sediment is dissolved in it

rivers

high o2 due to flow mixing water and air, can also carry nutrient rich sediments

lakes

standing bodies of fresh h2o

littoral

shallow water with emergent plants

limnetic

where light can reach, no rooted plants only phytoplankton

profundal

too deep for sunlight

benthic

murky bottom where inverts live, nutrient rich sediments

wetland

area with soil submerged/saturated in water for at least part of the year, but shallow enough for emergent plants

estuaries

areas where rivers empty into the ocean (mix of fresh and salt water)

coral reef

warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline; most diverse marine biome on earth

intertidal zones

narrow band of coastline between high and low tide; crashing waves

pelagic (open ocean)

low productivity area since only algae and phytoplankton can survive

nutrient availability

plants need soil nutrients to grow, so availability determines which plants can survive in a biome

shifting biomes

biomes shift in location on earth as climate changes

primary productivity

rate that solar energy is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time

unit of PP

kcal/m²/yr

high PP

high plant growth and diversity

respiration loss

plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cell respiration

gross primary productivity

the total amount of sun energy that plants capture and convert to energy through photosynthesis

net primary productivity

the amount of energy leftover for consumers after plants have used some for respiration

NPP = GPP - RL

formula for npp

ecological efficiency

the portion of incoming solar energy that is captured by plants and converted into biomass

99%

the amount of solar energy that is reflected or passes through produces without being absorbed

1%

amount of solar energy striking producers and is used for photosynthesis

factors leading to higher NPP

water availability, higher temperature, and nutrient availability

conservation of matter and energy

matter and energy are never created or destroyed they only change forms

first law of thermodynamics

energy is never created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

each time energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat

tertiary consumers

animals that eat secondary consumers or carnivores and omnivores

secondary consumers

animals that eat primary consumers or herbivores

primary consumers

animals that eat plants

producers

plants that convert sun’s light energy into chemical energy

10% rule

10% of energy transfers from one level to the next, only 10% of the biomass can be grown/supported

food chain

show just one, linear path of energy and matter

food webs

have at least 2 different interconnected food chains

trophic cascade

removal or addition of a top predator has a ripple effect down through lower trophic levels