Patho Pharm semester 1 Musculoskeletal System

What is a closed fracture?

A broken bone with intact skin.

What is an open fracture?

A broken bone that breaks through the skin.

What are the 3 stages of fracture healing?

Inflammatory → reparative → remodeling.

What happens during the inflammatory stage of fracture healing?

A hematoma forms.

What happens during the reparative stage?

A callus forms and bridges the fracture.

What happens during the remodeling stage?

Bone strengthens and remodels.

What is a sprain?

A stretched or torn ligament.

What is a strain?

A stretched or torn muscle.

What is the main difference: sprain vs strain?

Sprain = ligament; strain = muscle.

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of a fluid-filled bursa.

What causes bursitis?

Repeated friction, pressure, or injury.

What is an ACL injury?

A sprain or tear of the anterior cruciate ligament.

What is a meniscal injury?

Damage to the C-shaped cartilage in the knee.

What is a common cause of ACL injury?

Sudden pivoting or an awkward landing.

What is a rotator cuff injury?

Injury or tear of shoulder tendons, often from repetitive use.

How is a rotator cuff injury managed?

Rest, strengthening exercises, and surgery for severe tears.

What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A chronic systemic autoimmune disease affecting synovial joints.

What is characteristic of RA joint inflammation?

It is typically symmetrical and causes progressive joint destruction.

What is a key DMARD for RA?

Methotrexate.

What is a key TNF inhibitor for RA?

Adalimumab.

What is osteoporosis?

A metabolic bone disease causing weak bones that fracture easily.

What happens in osteoporosis?

Bone breakdown occurs faster than bone rebuilding.

What is a key medication for osteoporosis?

Bisphosphonates, such as alendronate.

What is Paget disease of bone?

Abnormal bone remodeling causing weak, disorganized bone.

What happens to osteoclasts in Paget disease?

Osteoclast activity greatly increases.

What is the medication of choice for Paget disease?

Bisphosphonates.

What is a dislocation?

Complete separation of bones at a joint.

What is a subluxation?

Partial separation of bones at a joint.

What is the main treatment for a dislocation?

Reduction to return the joint to alignment.

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?

Abnormal hip development where the femoral head doesn't fit securely.

Why is early treatment important for DDH?

It allows the hip joint to develop more normally.

What device may treat DDH in young infants?

A Pavlik harness.

What is a herniated disc?

The gel-like disc center pushes through its outer ring and may press on a nerve.

What is a key symptom mechanism of disc herniation?

Nerve compression.

What activities should be modified with disc herniation?

Heavy lifting, twisting, prolonged sitting, and bending.

What is spinal stenosis?

Narrowing of the spinal canal.

What causes symptoms in spinal stenosis?

Mechanical and nerve compression from the narrowed canal.

What is scoliosis?

A sideways C- or S-shaped curve of the spine.

What occurs with scoliosis?

Lateral spinal curvature with vertebral rotation.

How is scoliosis managed?

Observation, PT, bracing, or surgery if needed.

What is osteomyelitis?

An infection of bone tissue.

What causes osteomyelitis?

Usually bacteria; fungi can also cause it.

How is osteomyelitis treated?

Targeted antibiotics, often IV for 4-6 weeks; surgery may be needed.

What is a common antibiotic for osteomyelitis?

Vancomycin.

What is osteonecrosis?

Bone tissue death caused by inadequate blood supply.

What can severe osteonecrosis cause?

Bone or joint collapse.

What is a bone tumor?

An abnormal mass caused by uncontrolled cell growth in bone.

How can a bone tumor affect bone?

It can destroy healthy bone, weaken it, and cause fractures.

What is rhabdomyolysis?

Breakdown of skeletal muscle that releases myoglobin and other cell contents.

Why is rhabdomyolysis dangerous to the kidneys?

Released myoglobin can cause acute kidney injury.

What electrolyte problem can occur with rhabdomyolysis?

Hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia can also occur.

What is the major treatment for rhabdomyolysis?

IV fluids to help prevent kidney injury.

What is gout?

Urate crystals deposit in joints, causing inflammation.

What causes gout?

High uric acid levels (hyperuricemia).

What does a gout flare typically cause?

A red, hot, tender, swollen joint.

What does allopurinol do?

Decreases uric acid production.

What does probenecid do?

Increases uric acid excretion.

What do NSAIDs do for gout?

Decrease pain and swelling.

What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

Joint disease involving cartilage loss and breakdown.

What happens to cartilage in OA?

Cartilage wears down, allowing bones to rub together.

How is OA commonly managed?

Exercise, lifestyle changes, and pain-relieving medications.

What are spondyloarthropathies?

Inflammatory diseases mainly affecting the spine and pelvis.

Where does inflammation occur in spondyloarthropathies?

Where soft tissues meet bone.

What is the main medication class for spondyloarthropathies?

NSAIDs.

What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)?

Chronic autoimmune joint inflammation occurring in children.

What happens in JIA?

The immune system attacks healthy joint tissues.

What medication slows JIA disease progression?

Methotrexate.

What medications can provide JIA symptom relief?

NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen.

What are examples of TNF inhibitors for JIA?

Etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab.

What is the key difference between OA and RA?

OA involves cartilage degeneration; RA is an autoimmune inflammatory disease.

What is the key difference between osteoporosis and osteonecrosis?

Osteoporosis = weak bone; osteonecrosis = dead bone from poor blood supply.

What is the key difference between gout and OA?

Gout = urate crystals/inflammation; OA = cartilage breakdown.