midterm two terms/concepts

prejudice

is a negative attitude toward someone based solely on their membership in a group

discrimination

refers to the negative or positive treatment of someone as a result of their belongings in a specific group

prejudicial attitudes

adorno and his colleagues argued that individuals with an authoritarian personality are more likely to develop prejudicial attitudes, people with this personality view the world as good/evil or oppressive behaviour

realistic conflict theory

developed and used by Lawrence bobo to understand the social roots of prejudice, suggests that social context shapes people’s attitudes, particularly prejudice , prejudice stems from the competition among groups for valued resources and opportunities

contact theory

developed by allport, predicts that increasing contact between antagonistic groups will lead to recognition of similarities, growing recognition of similarities will lead to less stereotyping and less prejudice, in theory

immigration

refers to the migration of humans for permanent settlement, canada has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world, canada

three broad categories of immigration

economic, family class, refugees

economic immigrants

managed through to the business immigration program, as long as investors and entrepreneurs have as much as $800k to invest in canada, they are accepted into the country, the canadian government uses a point system to determine who to accept

census

collect information about information about racial and ethnic groups

critical race theory

created in the 1980s by Kimberlé Crenshaw and Derrick bell

1. racism is not ordinary and not an unusual part of society (acts of racism are not in fact rare)

2. racism serves important purposes (many people benefit from racial hierarchies, if we do not recognize how people benefit from these systems we cannot change them)

3. race and races are products of social thought and relations and are categories invented by society (racial and ethnic categories are socially constructed and can change)

4. Crenshaw created the concept to argue that every individual brings together a number of different identities and these all work together to create a persons lived experience

essentialism

some ‘essential’ or inherent element makes a person part of a specific race or ethnic groups, each racial or ethnic group contains traits that have been carried from past to present with little to know change, exist because of biological factors

ethnicity

rooted in cultural differences such as language, religion, and the shared history among people

First Nations

canadian term of ethnicity that refers to the indigenous people who are neither Inuit or Métis. highlights that First Nations were the original residents of what now is canada

imagined communities

‘the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, to even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion’ this idea highlights the ways that nations, like racial and ethnic groups are socially constructed

invisible knapsack

Peggy mcintosh 1989

• unearned, weightless collection of special provisions, maps, codebooks, and assists that advantage certain groups - such as white people or men - while remaining largely hidden from the people who carry them

multiculturalism

vince wilson (1993) defines this term as a doctrine that provides a political framework for the official promotion of cultural differences as an integral component of society. based on the idea of pluralism, the belief that conflict is the central feature of societies and that ethnicity is an essential aspect of individual identity and group behaviour

nation

group of people who are united by a common fate and who have a shared national character. this often based on a shared language, ethnicity, and history

nation state

is a group of people who share a physical territory and government, although they may not share an ethnicity, language, or history

race

social distinction based on perceived physical/biological characteristics. we often look hair texture, eye colour, nose shape or other physical traits to determine a persons racial group

racism

‘organized system of race-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of colour or race supremacy’

social construction

highlights the ways that the social categories we consider natural and unchanging, such as race and ethnicity, are in fact socially created. it helps us to understand how the norms, rules, and categories of our society come to be and how they can change

symbolic ethnicity

is an individualistic label that has little cost for the individual. in this way, white people can celebrate oktoberfest or saint Patricks day but ignore other ethnic holidays and traditions.

Thomas principle

‘if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences’

• ghosts aren’t real but when a little boy cannot sleep at night because he is worried that there are ghosts under his bed his fear is a real consequence of his belief, illustrating how perceptions shape reality.

vertical mosaic

described how the policy of multiculturalism is not benign but benefits certain groups at the expense of others. he argued that some groups, particularly those of British or French origins, have more status and power in canada and, as a result, enjoy higher incomes and levels of education than other ethnic groups

costs of masculinity

men most avoid anything feminine and cannot share these interests with others for fear of seeming less masculine. masculinity is also defined by external success, men are expected to show little emotion and to be aggressive

double shift

refers to individuals working outside the home for money and inside the home on unpaid, domestic tasks

feminism

is concerned with equality between women and men. it focuses on attaining that equality in politics, in the economic system, and through social and cultural change. feminism exists as a set of ideologies and as groups of people who support these ideologies

feminization

of an occupational sphere occurs when a particular job, profession, or industry becomes dominated by or predominantly associated with women. such jobs are referred to as ‘pink collar’. the important thing to note is that a feminized occupation tends to lose prestige, wages, required skill levels, and opportunities for promotion

gender

social concept referring to the entire array of social patterns we associated with men and women in society. it exists along the continuum of masculinity and femininity, encompassing roles, behaviors, and expectations.

gender roles

are ones set of roles that we perform in society based on societal expectations for men and women. These roles dictate behaviors, responsibilities, and attitudes deemed appropriate based on an individual's gender.

heteronormative

our social institutions, practices, and norms, support an automatic assumption that other people are or should be heterosexual. at the same time, it reinforces the idea that a family includes a women, a man, and children

heterosexual-homosexual rating scale

a seven-point scale of sexual inclination. after thousands of interviews with men and women, kinsey argued that people are not simply gay or straight; therefore we should not categorize people in this way. instead, we should see that individuals have life histories that express different desires at different time

homophobia

is a set of negative attitudes and beliefs about individuals who are 2SLGBTQI+ that can lead to negative behaviours, prejudice, or discrimination. sometimes these negative attitudes can manifest into behaviours such as hate crimes

intersectionality

the study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine - is one product of feminsim’s third wave kimberlé Williams Crenshaw coined the term in 1989

Kinsey reports

the reports were highly controversial, but they become bestsellers and made kinsey a celebrity. his work created a precedent for a legitimate study of human sexuality and laid the groundwork for a body of sexuality research in the social and biological sciences. his research showed that there was much more diversity in sexual desire and behaviour than was previously thought. kinsey argued that people should not think of sexuality as either normal or abnormal based on ideas of morality. we should instead define what is normal by looking at what people are doing

performativity

This concept, introduced by Judith Butler, argues that we create gender through our actions and interactions

• ‘not a singular act, but a repetition and a ritual’. what we take to be an ‘internal essence of gender is manufactured through a sustained set of acts, posited through the gendered stylization of the body’ what we take to be an ‘internal feature of ourselves is one that we anticipate and produce through certain bodily acts’

sex

biological identity and can be divided into the main categories of male and female

sexuality

feelings of sexual attraction and behaviours related to them

sexual orientation

which involves whom you desire, with whom you want to have sexual relations, and with whom you have a sense of connectedness

transgender (trans) umbrella

encompasses the variety of different gender identities and sexual expressions in modern society

2SLGBTQI+

2S - two spirit

L - lesbian

G - gay

B - bisexual
T - transgender
Q - queer or questioning
I - intersex

• plus other sexual orientation

unpaid work

the domestic division of labour, importance of considering work as a broad concept, beyond paid employment, may also include volunteering

david harvey - crises of capitalism

if you raise wages it has a domino effect on the economy (positive effect on wages has a positive effect on economy), high wages lead manufactories to the global south (cheaper wages of labour), this lead to people to get credit cards

historically with unpaid work

• conceiving of paid work as separate and distinct from family life is a cultural artifact - a product of living in an advanced industrial economy, when combined with work in paid employment, scholars refer to this as the ‘double shift’

• academic argument - domesticity and the gender division of labour are well suited to the requirements of an industrial economy

what women do

80% of all childcare work, the number of hours women spend doing housework has declined over time, however, increases in participation in paid employment are not associated with decreases in the amount of time spent with children

impact of changes in the work environment

growth of information and service economy, less job security

implications of precarious work

basic maternity/parental leave benefits come from the government (if the worker meets the requirements), but ‘top-ups’ are employee-benefits. also, flux and demands of precarious work may make it difficult to balance paid and unpaid work demands

media

refers to the technological processes that facilitate communication between a sender and a receiver

communication

the transfer of information from one person to another

how does media socialize us

what is being normalized/celebrating/reinforced in video games. media socializes us in beauty, what is sociably desired in appearances and what is not.

why are studies of the media important and relevant

much of our knowledge of the world is media-driven. influential in framing what we see, think, and experience, and how we relate to others. influence goes both ways — society also plates an important role in shaping the content of mass media communication. sets the parameters around what is necessary

the medium is the message - Marshall McLuhan

the content of media is not as influential the physical/psychological effect of the medium. different media have different effects because of the form of the message. their forms alter how we experience the world, how we interact with others, and how we process and communicate information, the mediums properties, not just its content, affect us as individuals and our social world as a whole.

mass media

technologically-based communication structure (or institution) involving the centralized production and technologically-mediated distribution of information and entertainment

mass communication

the institutionalized process for producing and distributing centrally created messages by way of mediating technologies

commercial (private) media

privately owned, concerned primarily with making money or profit

public (or public interest) media

mandate is to provide quality products, government or take-payer-owned, emphasis on high-brow material

community media

perceived as inclusive and localized

from mass to interactive

transformation from mass audiences, mass messages, mass society became network society. used to be thought of as a one-way process of communication. from one to many to many to many

new media

defined as accessible on demand, digital, and is interactive, meaning users may comment and provide feedback

social media

is a new type of media that allows for the creation and online sharing of information in communities and networks

structural functionalist theory (Durkheim)

mass media contributes to creating consensus. create an enlightened and informed population for stable prosperous order. transmission, circulation and reinforcement of core values and key norms

marxist theory

creating and maintaining inequality through content and coverage that reinforces the prevailing distribution of power and resources. media itself is owned by big business — content reflects and reinforces the interests of business

hegemony

strategies to gain power and influence (persuasion without violence)

families

groups of people related by birth, affinity, or cohabitation

family household

group of people who share a relationship by blood, marriage, or legal adoption, living together

marriage

legal union of two people

nuclear family

consists of two adults living together with one or more children

extended family

consists of more than two generations who share the same generation

deinstitutionalization of marriage

1. choosing to remain single or cohabitate

2. individuals in couples have bovine increasingly questioned in modern society

3. many people are single parents, and many unmarried couples have kids

4. divorce rates have rose

5. rising diversity in the forms of marriages in modern society

cohabitate

living together without being legally married

institutional marriages

focus on how a marriage will solidify ties between families and communities and benefit society as a whole

companionate marriages

make a clear division of labour between breadwinner and the homemaker, husbands and wives are expected to be one another’s companion

individualized marriages

focused on each spouses satisfaction, ability to develop and express his or her sense of self, happiness, and fulfillment

arranged marriages

a third party selects the bride and groom based on factors like family ties, social status, and compatibility.

fertility rates

the average number of children per women over her lifetime

schooled society

1. growth in modern schooling

2. schooling has become increasingly integral to modern life

3. forms and functions of education are increasing and diversifying in your modern schooled society

manifest functions

teaching students basic knowledge and skills

latent functions

learning to read, write, and do math

socialization (Durkheim)

providing individuals with training for life in broader society and individuals need specialized training for the specific roles that they will occupy in life

section (weber)

schools are based on bureaucracies and work to confer status and prestige

Legitimation (ryerson)

it would help to produce order, facilitate social control, and Avery poetical conflict arising from a new wave of immigrants to Canadas at the time

credentialing

the attestation of a qualification or competence issued to an individual by a party with the authority to do so

curriculum

is the planned interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives

hidden curriculum

the lessons that are not normally considered part of the academic program but that schools unintentionally or secondarily provide

different expectations

at the elementary and high school level lower class families might have this and different values from those of upper class families

differential association

children from lower class backgrounds are less likely to have role models who were high achievers in school or who attended university or collage, as a result these children lack the knowledge of how to work within the educational system

differential preparation

children from families with more money are more likely to have access to things that help advance their education which helps them succeed

streaming/tracking

practice of placing students with comparable skills or needs together it includes putting students in specific schools for high or low achievement or in specific classes such as enriched/advanced or applied/basic or giving students harder or easier work within one class.

self-fulfilling prophecy

in the beginning a false definition of the situation evoking a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come ‘true’

gender reversal in educational outcomes

women have surpassed men in tertiary education attainment and completion rates across nearly an oecd and eu countries, as well as in North America

cultural capital

the non-economic social assets that promote social mobility

social capital

collective value of all of ones social networks

corporatization

can take form of naming campus buildings after major donors or corporate sponsors