midterm two terms/concepts

prejudice

is a negative attitude toward someone based solely on their membership in a group

discrimination

refers to the negative or positive treatment of someone as a result of their belongings in a specific group

prejudicial attitudes

adorno and his colleagues argued that individuals with an authoritarian personality are more likely to develop prejudicial attitudes, people with this personality view the world as good/evil or oppressive behaviour

realistic conflict theory

developed and used by Lawrence bobo to understand the social roots of prejudice, suggests that social context shapes people’s attitudes, particularly prejudice , prejudice stems from the competition among groups for valued resources and opportunities

contact theory

developed by allport, predicts that increasing contact between antagonistic groups will lead to recognition of similarities, growing recognition of similarities will lead to less stereotyping and less prejudice, in theory

immigration

refers to the migration of humans for permanent settlement, canada has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world, canada

three broad categories of immigration

economic, family class, refugees

economic immigrants

managed through to the business immigration program, as long as investors and entrepreneurs have as much as $800k to invest in canada, they are accepted into the country, the canadian government uses a point system to determine who to accept

census

collect information about information about racial and ethnic groups

critical race theory

created in the 1980s by Kimberlé Crenshaw and Derrick bell

1. racism is not ordinary and not an unusual part of society (acts of racism are not in fact rare)

2. racism serves important purposes (many people benefit from racial hierarchies, if we do not recognize how people benefit from these systems we cannot change them)

3. race and races are products of social thought and relations and are categories invented by society (racial and ethnic categories are socially constructed and can change)

4. Crenshaw created the concept to argue that every individual brings together a number of different identities and these all work together to create a persons lived experience

essentialism

some ‘essential’ or inherent element makes a person part of a specific race or ethnic groups, each racial or ethnic group contains traits that have been carried from past to present with little to know change, exist because of biological factors

ethnicity

rooted in cultural differences such as language, religion, and the shared history among people

First Nations

canadian term of ethnicity that refers to the indigenous people who are neither Inuit or Métis. highlights that First Nations were the original residents of what now is canada

imagined communities

‘the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, meet them, to even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion’ this idea highlights the ways that nations, like racial and ethnic groups are socially constructed

invisible knapsack

Peggy mcintosh 1989

• unearned, weightless collection of special provisions, maps, codebooks, and assists that advantage certain groups - such as white people or men - while remaining largely hidden from the people who carry them

multiculturalism

vince wilson (1993) defines this term as a doctrine that provides a political framework for the official promotion of cultural differences as an integral component of society. based on the idea of pluralism, the belief that conflict is the central feature of societies and that ethnicity is an essential aspect of individual identity and group behaviour

nation

group of people who are united by a common fate and who have a shared national character. this often based on a shared language, ethnicity, and history

nation state

is a group of people who share a physical territory and government, although they may not share an ethnicity, language, or history

race

social distinction based on perceived physical/biological characteristics. we often look hair texture, eye colour, nose shape or other physical traits to determine a persons racial group

racism

‘organized system of race-based group privilege that operates at every level of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of colour or race supremacy’

social construction

highlights the ways that the social categories we consider natural and unchanging, such as race and ethnicity, are in fact socially created. it helps us to understand how the norms, rules, and categories of our society come to be and how they can change

symbolic ethnicity

is an individualistic label that has little cost for the individual. in this way, white people can celebrate oktoberfest or saint Patricks day but ignore other ethnic holidays and traditions.

Thomas principle

‘if people define situations as real, then they are real in their consequences’

• ghosts aren’t real but when a little boy cannot sleep at night because he is worried that there are ghosts under his bed his fear is a real consequence of his belief, illustrating how perceptions shape reality.

vertical mosaic

described how the policy of multiculturalism is not benign but benefits certain groups at the expense of others. he argued that some groups, particularly those of British or French origins, have more status and power in canada and, as a result, enjoy higher incomes and levels of education than other ethnic groups

costs of masculinity

men most avoid anything feminine and cannot share these interests with others for fear of seeming less masculine. masculinity is also defined by external success, men are expected to show little emotion and to be aggressive

double shift

refers to individuals working outside the home for money and inside the home on unpaid, domestic tasks

feminism

is concerned with equality between women and men. it focuses on attaining that equality in politics, in the economic system, and through social and cultural change. feminism exists as a set of ideologies and as groups of people who support these ideologies

feminization

of an occupational sphere occurs when a particular job, profession, or industry becomes dominated by or predominantly associated with women. such jobs are referred to as ‘pink collar’. the important thing to note is that a feminized occupation tends to lose prestige, wages, required skill levels, and opportunities for promotion

gender

social concept referring to the entire array of social patterns we associated with men and women in society. it exists along the continuum of masculinity and femininity, encompassing roles, behaviors, and expectations.

gender roles

are ones set of roles that we perform in society based on societal expectations for men and women. These roles dictate behaviors, responsibilities, and attitudes deemed appropriate based on an individual's gender.

heteronormative

our social institutions, practices, and norms, support an automatic assumption that other people are or should be heterosexual. at the same time, it reinforces the idea that a family includes a women, a man, and children

heterosexual-homosexual rating scale

a seven-point scale of sexual inclination. after thousands of interviews with men and women, kinsey argued that people are not simply gay or straight; therefore we should not categorize people in this way. instead, we should see that individuals have life histories that express different desires at different time

homophobia

is a set of negative attitudes and beliefs about individuals who are 2SLGBTQI+ that can lead to negative behaviours, prejudice, or discrimination. sometimes these negative attitudes can manifest into behaviours such as hate crimes

intersectionality

the study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine - is one product of feminsim’s third wave kimberlé Williams Crenshaw coined the term in 1989

Kinsey reports

the reports were highly controversial, but they become bestsellers and made kinsey a celebrity. his work created a precedent for a legitimate study of human sexuality and laid the groundwork for a body of sexuality research in the social and biological sciences. his research showed that there was much more diversity in sexual desire and behaviour than was previously thought. kinsey argued that people should not think of sexuality as either normal or abnormal based on ideas of morality. we should instead define what is normal by looking at what people are doing

performativity

This concept, introduced by Judith Butler, argues that we create gender through our actions and interactions

• ‘not a singular act, but a repetition and a ritual’. what we take to be an ‘internal essence of gender is manufactured through a sustained set of acts, posited through the gendered stylization of the body’ what we take to be an ‘internal feature of ourselves is one that we anticipate and produce through certain bodily acts’

sex

biological identity and can be divided into the main categories of male and female

sexuality

feelings of sexual attraction and behaviours related to them

sexual orientation

which involves whom you desire, with whom you want to have sexual relations, and with whom you have a sense of connectedness

transgender (trans) umbrella

encompasses the variety of different gender identities and sexual expressions in modern society

2SLGBTQI+

2S - two spirit

L - lesbian

G - gay

B - bisexual

T - transgender

Q - queer or questioning

I - intersex

• plus other sexual orientation