readings

Vocabulary flashcards covering ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, Specific Learning Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders based directly on lecture slides.

Inattentive ADHD

A specifier of ADHD primarily characterized by difficulty paying attention or focusing on a task, with a tendency to be easily distracted and usually no hyperactivity symptoms present.

Hyperactive-impulsive ADHD

The least common type of ADHD, mainly characterized by extreme, excessive, or disruptive behavior and low impulse control, where distractibility or difficulty focusing is rarely seen.

Combined ADHD

The most common type of ADHD, which combines symptoms of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types.

Diagnostic Criteria for Inattentive ADHD

Requires experiencing $6$ or more specified inattention symptoms for 6\n\n\n\text{months} or longer.

Inattention Symptom: Attention to Details

Having a hard time paying close attention to details.

Inattention Symptom: Task Persistence

Finding it difficult to stick with or finish a task.

Inattention Symptom: Listening

Finding it hard to listen or pay attention, appearing as if one's head is in the clouds.

Inattention Symptom: Following Instructions

Having trouble following instructions.

Inattention Symptom: Organization and Time Management

Finding it challenging to stay organized or manage time.

Inattention Symptom: Mental Effort Avoidance

Often avoiding tasks that require a lot of focus or mental effort.

Inattention Symptom: Losing Belongings

Losing things frequently.

Inattention Symptom: Distractibility

Being easily distracted by surroundings or thoughts.

Inattention Symptom: Forgetfulness

Being forgetful in daily activities.

Diagnostic Criteria for Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD

Requires experiencing at least $6$ hyperactive-impulsive symptoms over a $6\,\text{month}$ period.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Fidgeting

Often fidgeting or having a strong need to keep moving.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Remaining Seated

Finding it difficult to stay seated or sit still, especially when expected to do so (such as in a classroom or workplace).

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Restlessness

Feeling continuously restless.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Quiet Activities

Finding it hard to stay quiet in situations where quietness is necessary.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Excessive Talking

Talking more frequently than others or speaking without thinking.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Waiting

Finding it difficult to wait.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom: Interrupting/Turn-taking

Having a tendency to interrupt others or finding it difficult to take turns in a conversation.

Genetics in ADHD Etiology

Plays an important role, though research has not confirmed that any child is born with ADHD.

Environmental Toxin Exposure in ADHD

Research suggests exposure to certain toxins, either in utero or at a young age, might lead to ADHD.

Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and ADHD

Fetal exposure to tobacco increases ADHD risk; a 2018 study found children were at greater risk if their birthing parent was a heavy smoker.

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and ADHD

Fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy which increases the risk that the baby will develop ADHD.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and ADHD

ADHD diagnoses that result from brain damage due to an early brain injury, trauma, or abnormal brain development.

Meningitis and ADHD

An infectious illness that studies indicate might result in ADHD in children.

Encephalitis and ADHD

An inflammatory brain illness identified by studies as a potential cause of ADHD in kids.

Behavioral Therapy for ADHD

Therapies that help people identify certain behaviors and learn to change them.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ADHD

A popular behavioral therapy where a therapist helps manage specific ADHD symptoms interfering with day-to-day life.

Real-Life Tasks Focus in CBT

A focus area in CBT addressing troubling daily tasks, such as paying bills on time.

Real-Life Situations Focus in CBT

A focus area in CBT addressing real-life interactions, such as being assertive at work.

Psychoeducation for ADHD

An important part of therapy that helps patients understand how ADHD works and where different behaviors come from.

ADHD Coaching and Skills Training

Varied coaching services offered with different coach credentials, provided in-person, by phone, or over video calls.

First-Line Medication for ADHD

Stimulants, chosen because they reduce symptoms, act quickly, and come with few side effects.

Methylphenidate

A stimulant medication for ADHD known by brand names Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, and Methylin.

Amphetamines for ADHD

A category of stimulant medications that includes Adderall and Dexedrine.

Cardiovascular Side Effects of ADHD Stimulants

Fast heart rate and increased blood pressure.

Appetite Side Effect of ADHD Stimulants

Reduced appetite, which usually occurs in the middle of the day only.

Rare Side Effect of ADHD Stimulants

Motor tic.

Non-Stimulant ADHD Medication Indications

Prescribed when a patient experiences bothersome stimulant side effects, gets no help from stimulants, or has an underlying health condition like a heart problem.

Atomoxetine (Strattera)

A non-stimulant medication approved to treat ADHD.

Guanfacine (Intuniv ER)

A non-stimulant medication approved for the treatment of ADHD.

Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors for ADHD

Antidepressants such as bupropion prescribed off-label for ADHD.

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors for ADHD

Antidepressants such as venlafaxine prescribed for ADHD.

Tricyclic Antidepressants for ADHD

Antidepressants such as desipramine or imipramine prescribed for ADHD.

Neurostimulation for ADHD

A therapy that works by stimulating parts of the brain that show irregular activity in people with ADHD.

ADHD Comorbidities

Conditions that commonly co-occur with ADHD, including depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders (SUD).

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A childhood disorder characterized by persistent anger or irritability and defiant and noncompliant behavior lasting at least $6\,\text{months}$.

Diagnostic Criteria for ODD

Requires displaying at least $4$ symptoms across specified categories for at least $6\,\text{months}$.

ODD Category: Angry or Irritable Mood

Category characterized by often losing temper, being touchy or easily annoyed, and becoming angry and resentful.

ODD Category: Argumentative and Defiant Behavior

Category characterized by frequently arguing with authority figures or adults, and actively defying or refusing to comply with rules or requests.

ODD Category: Vindictiveness

Category characterized by being spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past $6\,\text{months}$, deliberately annoying others, or blaming others for mistakes/misbehavior.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder vs. Conduct Disorder (Slide Overview)

Oppositional defiant disorder involves refusal to accept directions or authority from adults or others, whereas conduct disorder involves persistent destructive or violent behaviors.

Two Main Branches of ODD Treatment

Therapy and prescribed medications.

Common ODD Co-occurring Conditions

ADHD and conduct disorder.

Conduct Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by persistent destructive or violent behaviors, aggressive and unruly behavior, disregard for others' rights, and a tendency to recklessly violate boundaries.

Characteristics of Conduct Disorder

Aggressive and unruly behavior, general disregard for others' rights, and a tendency to recklessly violate boundaries.

Unspecified Onset Conduct Disorder

A category of conduct disorder where it is unclear at what age the disorder developed.

Childhood Onset Conduct Disorder

A category of conduct disorder where symptoms appeared before the age of $10$.

Adolescent Onset Conduct Disorder

A category of conduct disorder where signs developed in the teenage years.

Relationship Between ADHD, ODD, and Conduct Disorder

Children diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to have ODD or conduct disorder.

Diagnostic Rule Between ODD and Conduct Disorder

You cannot be diagnosed with both oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder because ODD is a precursor to conduct disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect the ways a person interacts, communicates, and behaves.

The 'Spectrum' in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Refers to how sensory, social, and communication needs for autistic individuals present across a spectrum from high to low.

ASD Sign: Social Interaction

Trouble relating to others or having no interest in other people.

ASD Sign: Sensory Input Sensitivity

Having more or less sensitivity than other people to sensory input such as light, noise, clothing, or temperature.

ASD Sign: Eye Contact and Solitude

Avoiding eye contact and wanting to be alone.

ASD Sign: Expressing Needs

Trouble expressing personal needs.

ASD Sign: Repetitive Actions

Repeating actions consistently.

ASD Sign: Specific Sensory Sensitivity

Having extra sensitivity to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound.

ASD Sign: Joint Attention (Not Looking)

Not looking at objects when another person points at them.

ASD Sign: Joint Attention (Not Pointing)

Not pointing at objects to show interest (for example, not pointing at an airplane flying over).

ASD Sign: Understanding Feelings

Trouble understanding other people's feelings or talking about their own feelings.

ASD Sign: Pretend Play

Not playing 'pretend' games (for example, not pretending to 'feed' a doll).

ASD Sign: Routine Changes

Trouble adapting when a routine changes.

ASD Sign: Echolalia and Speech Tone

Repeating or echoing words/phrases said to them, repeating words in place of usual language, or differences in speech tone or prosody.

ASD Sign: Skill Loss

Losing skills they once had (for example, stopping the use of words they were previously using).

Genetic Causation in Autism

A study estimated that about $80\%$ of autistic people have it due to genetics.

Prenatal Environmental Factors in ASD

Fetal exposure to air pollution or certain pesticides before birth.

Birthing Parent Health Factors in ASD

Pregnant parent having diabetes or another immune system disorder.

Gestational Age Risk Factor for ASD

Being born before $36\,\text{weeks}$ old.

Birth Complications Associated with ASD

Complications such as the baby being breech, in fetal distress, or having a low birth weight.

Limited Oxygen at Birth and ASD

Issues during birth that caused a limited amount of oxygen to reach the baby's brain.

Brain Connectivity and Metabolism in ASD

Biological factors linked to autism involved with brain connectivity and metabolism (how the body produces energy).

Frontal Cortex Overgrowth in ASD

Overgrowth in the frontal cortex of the baby's brain shortly after birth.

Sex Ratio in ASD Diagnosis

Autism is $4\,\text{times}$ more common in boys than girls.

Paternal Age Factor in ASD

Advanced paternal age increases the chances of developing ASD.

Pregnancy Health Conditions Linked to ASD

The parent having hypertension or diabetes during pregnancy.

Hemorrhage Risk Factors in ASD

Experiencing an antepartum hemorrhage in the third trimester or a postpartum hemorrhage.

Parity Risk Factor in ASD

The birthing parent having given birth to more than $4$ children.

Preeclampsia and ASD Risk

A pregnancy complication that increases the likelihood of an autism diagnosis.

Purpose of Medication in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Medications are not intended to 'cure' autism; rather, they manage coexisting conditions.

Target Symptoms for ASD Medications

Depression, seizures, gastrointestinal issues, energy levels, irritability, aggression, self-injury, anxiety, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and insomnia.

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

A commonly used therapy that uses various approaches to develop new skills and behaviors while reducing harmful behaviors.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

A behavioral technique for autism that teaches each individual step of a desired behavior or response.

Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI)

An intervention for autism that helps build communication skills and reduce disruptive behaviors.

Pivotal Response Training (PRT)

An autism strategy that stimulates motivation to learn, encouraging the child to monitor their own behavior and communicate.

Verbal Behavior Intervention

An autism therapy focused specifically on teaching verbal skills.

Relationship-Based Therapy (Floortime)

Also known as DIR/Floortime, this approach focuses on having the child interact with other children and parents through play.