Adult Lang Midterm-Key Components 2

What is Fluent Aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by normal or excessive speech production; often associated with receptive language difficulties.

What is Nonfluent Aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by slow, effortful, and halting speech production; often associated with expressive language difficulties.

Define Agrammatism

A deficit in formulating and processing syntax, leading to incomplete sentences.

define Catastrophic reaction

Extreme frustration experienced when struggling to communicate.

define Circumlocutions

Using alternative words or phrases to convey the meaning of the intended word.

define Dysnomia

Problem with word finding; often used interchangeably with anomia, but dys- suggests a milder form.

define Jargon aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by the production of nonsensical words; sometimes associated with Wernicke’s aphasia.

define Press of speech

A speech pattern where an individual speaks quickly and without pauses, often seen in Wernicke’s aphasia.

define Telegraphic speech

Speech that omits function words, conveying only essential content words, often seen in Broca's aphasia.

define Conduction Aphasia

Aphasia characterized by difficulties in repetition; associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus.

define Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)

A type of dementia affecting language skills, leading to difficulties in speaking, writing, and understanding language.

define Global Aphasia

Severe aphasia characterized by significant impairments in both expressive and receptive language abilities.

define Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Aphasia characterized by good repetition but poor comprehension; associated with damage in the temporal lobe watershed regions.

Define Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Aphasia characterized by good comprehension with nonfluent speech; associated with frontal lobe watershed regions.

define Phonemic Paraphasia

A type of paraphasia where sounds within a word are substituted, added, or omitted, often leading to a word similar in sound.

define Semantic Paraphasia

A type of paraphasia where one word is substituted for another that is related in meaning.

define Subcortical Aphasia

Aphasia due to lesions in the thalamus and basal ganglia, leading to various language impairments.

define Dyslexia

A specific learning disability that impacts reading ability.

define Dysgraphia

A specific learning disability that affects writing ability.

define Reversible passives

Sentences where the subject and object can be switched without changing meaning, which can be problematic for individuals with certain aphasia.

How are the types of aphasia classified?

-Fluent (aka receptive or posterior) & Nonfluent (aka expressive and anterior)

-Expressive & Receptive

-Anterior & Posterior Dichotomies

Explain what is meant by the dichotomous classifications of fluent/nonfluent aphasia, and why is it problematic to classify aphasia dichotomously as “fluent” versus “nonfluent”?

It is problematic because it doesn’t take the severity of the aphasia into account. Fluent vs nonfluent focuses on the intact abilities vs area of lesion so it doesn’t give much info.

What does it mean when one refers to aphasia as a “dissociation syndrome”?

Some abilities remain relatively intact while others are relatively impaired.

Give an example of a phonemic (literal) paraphasia

o   Substitution of one or more sounds in target word. (Example: “spop” instead of “stop”)

Give an example of a semantic (global) paraphasia.

o   Substitution of real word for the target word (Example: saying “ear” when you meant to say “nose”)

What is primary progressive aphasia (PPA)? Be prepared to compare and contrast PPA with dementia and classic Aphasia.

PPA is a type of dementia.

-PPA: Difficulty speaking, writing, and understanding language. People with PPA may eventually lose the ability to speak and write.

-Dementia: Memory loss, confusion, and personality changes

How might dyslexia and dysgraphia be conceptualized as symptoms versus syndromes?

essentially, they are manifestations of the underlying language processing deficits associated with the aphasia diagnosis

For Broca’s Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Inferior frontal lobe, -Broadmann 44 & 45 (3^rd frontal convolution; frontal operculum)

2)-Superior division of MCA

3)-Struggles with Fluency & -Struggles with Receptive language

For Wernicke’s Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus, -Broadmann 22

2)-Inferior division of MCA

3)-Struggles with Receptive language

For Conduction Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Arcuate fasciculus, -Broadmann Area 40 (supramarginal gyrus)

2)-MCA

3)-Struggles with Repetition

For Anomic Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Variable but often angular gyrus

2)-MCA

3)-Struggles with naming, -Struggles with receptive language & -Struggles with word finding

For Global Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Large Perisylvian lesion including frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and often parietal lobes

2)-MCA

3)-Struggles with Fluency, -Struggles with Receptive language, -Struggles with Repetition

For Transcorticol Sensory Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1) -Temporal lobe watershed regions, -Broadmann’s area 39 (angular gyrus) & -Broadmann’s area 37 (posterior middle temporal gyrus)

2)-PCA & -MCA

3)-Struggles with Receptive language

For Transcorticol Motor Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Frontal lobe watershed regions, -Broadmann’s areas 6, 8, 9, 10 & 46

2)-ACA, -MCA

3) -Struggles with Fluency

For Primary Progressice Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Depends on subtype

2)-MCA

3)-Struggles with Fluency, -Struggles with Receptive language. -Struggles with Repetition

For Crossed Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Right hemisphere in right handed person

2)-Right MCA, -Right ACA

3)- Struggles with Fluency, -Struggles with Receptive language, -Struggles with word finding

For Subcorticol Aphasia, answer: 1)what are the typical lesion sites, 2) origin of blood supply associated with structure, and 3) hallmart symptoms & features

1)-Thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, connecting white matter

2)-MCA, -PCA

3)-Struggles with Receptive language, -Struggles with Repetition, -Struggles with word finding

Define closed class words

Function words belonging to a relatively small part of the lexicon in a given language compared to open-class words; new words in this category are rarely added to a language

Define conduit d’approche

Language output characterized by repeated attempts to articulate a verbal stimulus

Define content words

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Define continuous perseveration

-a speech disorder that involves repeating words, phrases, or sounds in an uncontrollable and inappropriate way

-Example: Repeating the letters "A-R-E" continuously or Getting stuck on a topic during a conversation

Define disfluent

o   Characteristic of a spoken language with fewer units of verbal production conveyed per unit of time compared to a standard “normal” fluent speech

Define dissociation syndrome

o   Symptom constellation in which some abilities remain relatively intact while others are relatively impaired

Define dysnomia

o   Problem with word finding, often used with interchangeably with anomia, although prefix dys- insinuates a milder form

Define emotional lability

Tendency to cry, swear and otherwise openly emote, in a way that is uncharacteristic of how a person typically responded to a stroke or brain injury.

Define fluent aphasias

o   Any type of aphasia in which spoken language production in terms of morphemes or words per unit of time is normal or excessive; often used interchangeably with term receptive aphasia

Define function words

o   Words relevant to specific time and setting

Define grammaticality judgements

o   Task in which individuals are asked to make decisions about whether sentence constructions are correct or incorrect

Define jargon aphasia

oType of aphasia characterized by tendency to produce nonwords; sometimes used for Wernicke’s aphasia

Define logorrhea

Spoken language that is overly abundant in light of a given communicative context.

Define neoglism

o   a newly created word that has no recognizable meaning or is used inappropriately in place of an existing word

Define neoglastic paraphasia

o   A type of paraphasia where a person substitutes a word with a neologism. This means the person replaces a correct word with a made-up word that sounds similar but is not real or understandable (e.g., "splark" for "car").

Define nonfluent aphasias

refer to a group of aphasias characterized by slow, effortful, and halting speech

Define open class words

-content words that carry meaning, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. These words are part of the language’s core vocabulary and tend to evolve over time (e.g., "dog," "run," "happy")

Define paraphasias

speech errors that occur in aphasia, in which a person substitutes, omits, or distorts sounds or words. Paraphasias can be classified into three main types: phonemic, semantic, and neologistic

Define phonemic paraphasias (also called literal paraphasias)

o   a type of speech error in which the individual substitutes, adds, or omits sounds within a word, often leading to a word that is similar in sound but incorrect (e.g., saying “tephelone” instead of “telephone”). This is often seen in Broca’s aphasia.

Define press of speech

o   refers to a pattern of speech in which an individual speaks quickly, without pauses, and sometimes without regard for appropriate conversation flow. It is often seen in Wernicke’s aphasia or mania

Define recurrent perseveration

o   Recurrent perseveration occurs when a person involuntarily repeats the same word or phrase after it is no longer appropriate in the conversation. This can be a result of a damaged frontal lobe

Define reversible passives

o   Reversible passives are sentences where the subject and object can be switched without changing the meaning of the sentence (e.g., "The dog was bitten by the cat" can be reversed to "The cat was bitten by the dog"). Individuals with certain types of aphasia may have difficulty understanding or producing these constructions.

Define semantic paraphasias

o   Semantic paraphasias occur when an individual substitutes one word for another word that is related in meaning (e.g., saying “dog” when they meant “cat” or “cup” for “glass”). This type of error is common in Wernicke’s aphasia.

Define stereotypy

o   Stereotypy is the repetition of the same word, phrase, or expression in a fixed, rigid manner. This can be a part of certain aphasic syndromes and can be seen in global aphasia or Broca’s aphasia, where the patient might repeatedly use the same phrase without meaningful communication.

Define stuck-in-set perseveration

o   refers to a situation where a person gets "stuck" in a particular response pattern and is unable to switch to a new one, even if the context changes. For example, they might keep naming objects that are related to the current set (like naming all fruits, even when the task asks for different categories).

Define telegraphic

orefers to speech that is characterized by the omission of function words (such as "is," "the," "of") and grammar, leaving only the essential content words. It is commonly seen in Broca’s aphasia, where individuals speak in a manner like a telegram (e.g., "Want food now" instead of "I want food now").

Define verbal perseveration

othe repetitive use of a word or phrase that is inappropriate or no longer relevant to the conversation. It can result from neurological damage, especially in conditions like frontal lobe dysfunction, where an individual may continue saying a word or phrase long after it is contextually appropriate