Philippine History: Revolts, Propaganda Movement, Revolution, and American Occupation

Vocabulary practice cards covering early Filipino revolts against Spanish rule, the Propaganda Movement, the 1896 Revolution, and the American Occupation of the Philippines.

Bancao's Revolt

A 1622 revolt in Carigara, Leyte, led by Datu Bancao and the babaylan Pagali, resisting Spanish religious control and urging communities to return to traditional beliefs.

Sumuroy's Revolt

A 1649 rebellion in Palapag, Northern Samar, led by Juan Sumuroy against the forced labor policy that required men to work on distant shipbuilding projects in Cavite.

Polo y Servicio

The Spanish colonial policy of forced labor that required men to leave their homes and work on state projects, such as shipbuilding.

Usurpation of Indian Lands by Friars

The unlawful taking and occupation of native Filipino lands and natural resources by Spanish religious orders, which triggered widespread land disputes and resistance.

Inquilinos

Tenant-managers hired by friar orders to oversee daily hacienda operations, many of whom formed a wealthy new class of Filipino landowning families.

Education Decree of 1863

A colonial decree that opened Philippine higher education to wealthy non-Spaniards and provided for primary schools in every town.

Ilustrados

The 'enlightened ones'—a class of wealthy, educated Filipino mestizos and natives who led criticisms against colonial corruption and campaigned for reform.

Secularization Issue

A movement led by Fr. Pedro Pelaez and Fr. Jose Burgos advocating for equal treatment of Filipino secular priests and the transfer of parish administration to local clergy.

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

An 1872 uprising used by Spanish colonial authorities to justify harsh state repression, leading to arrests, exiles, and the execution of the GOMBURZA priests.

GOMBURZA

The collective name for the three prominent Filipino secular priests executed following the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, whose deaths awakened nationalist consciousness.

Propaganda Movement

A peaceful campaign for reform and assimilation led by Filipino intellectuals in Spain from 1882 to 1895.

Diariong Tagalog

A bilingual nationalist newspaper established in 1882 with Marcelo H. del Pilar as editor, marking the start of the Propaganda Movement.

La Solidaridad

The bimonthly newspaper founded in Barcelona in 1889 that served as the official voice of the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

A gifted orator and critic from Jaro, Iloilo, who served as the first editor of La Solidaridad and wrote the satire 'Fray Botod'.

Fray Botod

A satirical work written by Graciano Lopez Jaena exposing friar abuses, greed, and hypocrisy in the Philippines.

The Philippines in Distress

An article by Graciano Lopez Jaena blaming the Philippine economic crisis squarely on colonial government mismanagement and bureaucracy.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

A lawyer and writer known by the pen name 'Plaridel' who edited Diariong Tagalog and La Solidaridad while leading the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

Dasalan at Tocsohan

A satirical work written in 1888 by Marcelo H. del Pilar that parodied religious prayers to expose monastic abuses.

Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

A work by Marcelo H. del Pilar explaining how friars controlled colonial affairs by combining religious authority with political power at the parish level.

Jose Rizal

A prominent ilustrado and author of Noli Me Tangere who used pen names Dimasalang and Laong Laan, founded La Liga Filipina, and was executed in 1896.

The Indolence of the Filipinos

An essay by Jose Rizal refuting Spanish claims of native laziness by showing how colonial policies, apathy, and defective education created indolence.

Ferdinand Blumentritt

An Austrian scholar who served as a major non-Filipino contributor to La Solidaridad.

Jose Ma. Basa

A patriot who helped smuggle copies of La Solidaridad into the Philippines via Hong Kong.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

A document written by Emilio Jacinto outlining moral teachings, emphasizing that character and actions define a person rather than social position.

The Katipunan

A secret revolutionary society founded on July 7, 1892, by Andres Bonifacio and his companions to achieve independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Tejeros Convention

A March 1897 assembly of revolutionary leaders in Cavite held to organize a new government, resulting in the election of Emilio Aguinaldo as president.

Malolos Constitution

A constitution promulgated in January 1899 that established the political framework for the First Philippine Republic.

Apolinario Mabini

A key revolutionary leader who answered the First Philippine Commission on April 15, 1899, defending the right of Filipinos to self-government and independence.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty signed on December 10, 1898, ending the Spanish-American War, under which Spain transferred the Philippines to the United States for $20\text{ million}$.

Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

A proclamation issued by U.S. President William McKinley on December 21, 1898, asserting American sovereignty while portraying U.S. rule as protective and beneficial.

San Juan Bridge Incident

A clash on February 4, 1899, near San Juan Bridge between Filipino and American forces that sparked the Philippine-American War.

Battle of Tirad Pass

A military action on December 2, 1899, where General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops fought to delay advancing Americans and cover Emilio Aguinaldo's escape.

First Philippine Commission

A body created by President William McKinley in January 1899 to investigate local conditions and advise on governance for the Philippines.