History/Systems Exam 3

When did Bishop Ussher say the world began?

9am on October 22 4044 B.C.

Charles Lyell said that view was wrong—the long, slow processes we see operating in the world today can account for the present state of the world, but it therefore took much longer to develop. What was the view called?

Uniformitarianism

Where (and in what work context) did Darwin make most of his observations and start

thinking about what it all meant?

On the Voyage of HMS (Her Majesty Ship) Beagle that was supposed to be 2 years and became 5 years long. Began to carefully observe behavior as well as structure and looked for usefulness of features.

What was Captain Fitzroy’s explanation for the giant bones of extinct animals?

they did not make it onto Noah’s Ark

Know about Lamarck’s version of evolution

inheritance of acquired characteristics; changes made during an organism’s lifetime could be passed to its offspring. Using a body part more could make it grow or become stronger.

Giraffes originally had short necks, then stretched, and stretches to reach leaves, so their necks became longer and passed their longer necks to their babies

Chambers version of evolution

1844 book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation argued that the universe developed from a primordial nebula through natural physical laws rather than a series of static, separate miraculous creations

Erasmus Darwin version of evolution

1802 - The Temple of Nature poem portray life as a continuous, self-improving progression originating from microscopic marine organisms.

Darwin waited a long time to publish his findings. Why?

When he came back he had to think for a while

Wanted to amass a lot of evidence first, just too busy working on 4 volumes on barnacles, thought his own book would be ignored or dismissed as the same sort of thing as Chambers, the mind is materialistic a product of biology, religion would be just as distressed as the scientists.

What impending event finally got him to move on it? In making his reputation as a
naturalist, what tiny creature did he write 4 thick volumes about? According to Darwin, where do
emotional states and facial expressions come from?

What got Darwin to move on it was receiving a letter and manuscript from fellow naturalist Wallace in 1858. Wrote 4 think volumes about barnacles. Our emotional states are inherited, evolved characteristics. Facial expression are universal.

What behaviors in young infants (for which he never gets any credit at all) does Darwin clearly describe in the short article I gave you?

Anger, Fear, Pleasurable Sensations, Affection, Association of ideas/reasonCuriosity, Moral Sense, Unconsciousness/Shyness, Means of communication

How does Darwin know that his son’s early smiles are real?

The smile engaged both the mouth and eyes after the baby made direct eye contact and looked attentively at a persons face

Wundt –what was so special about his lab? In other words, why does he get credit for starting the scientific enterprise of psychology?

1879

Lab was the first organized institution nominally devoted to the scientific study of psychology and granted the first degrees in psychology

What is/was structuralism?

the idea that to really understand the mind, start studying the simplest mental phenomenon which is sensory experiences

Introspection - looking into yourself, focusing on your own thoughts, self-reflection

Edward Titchener, G. Stanley Hall, James McKeen Cattell—know how they fit into Wundt’s
story.

were all his students and would not have been American psychologists

Why doesn’t William James get the credit for having a lab in 1879, instead of Wundt?

James had a teaching laboratory intended for classroom demonstrations, not a formal research laboratory dedicated to original experimentation and academic publishing

Know how William James (allegedly) thought his way out of depression

assert his own free will and act as if his life was worth living, effectively choosing an attitude rather than surrendering to passive despair

what James means by comparing consciousness to a stream

every thought tends to be part of a personal consciousness, within each personal consciousness thought is always changing, within each personal consciousness thought sensibly continuous, it always appears to deal with objects independent of itself, it is interested in some parts of these objects to the exclusion of others, and welcomesor rejects

How did James feel about Wundt’s structuralist ideas?

conscious mind is a fluid, continuous whole that cannot be broken down into static, isolated pieces of sensation

Functionalism

our higher mental processes evolved for their adaptive value (so studying them requires considering why they must have developed)

What was Freud ethnic/cultural background, and how did this affect his options for higher
education?

Freud was jewish and this affected his options for higher education due to not being able to conduct research

What was Freud’s training? Who was Josef Breuer, who was Anna O. (including her real name), and why was consulting Freud about her particular case a potentially unethical thing for Breuer to do?

Freud trained as a neurologist

Josef Breuer was an Austrian physician and physiologist who referred Anna O. to Freud due to her thinking she was having his baby with no sexual encounter.

Anna O was Bertha Pappenheim who was a close friend of Freuds wife.

Consulting Freud about Anna O was potentially unethical because there is a social and personal conflict.

Hysteria—where does the word come from, and what does that tell us about who was physically
able to develop hysteria? What was hysteria?

Hysteria comes from the Greek hustera (“womb”)

Anna O.had abdominal cramps and yelled “Now comes Dr.B’s child” - she decide she was giving birth.

What symptom led Breuer to stop treating Anna O.?

hysterical pregnancy

Fill in the blank: our hysterical patients suffer from _____________.

Our hysterical patients suffer from reminiscences. Their symptoms are the remnants and the memory symbols of certain (traumatic) experiences.

Know about the London tourist mourning at Charing Cross…

Charing Cross station is a Victorian replica of an Eleanor Cross built in memory of Queen Elenor. People are seen there crying at the monument that is 600/700 years old.

Charcot was using hypnosis with hysterical patients—for what purpose? What is free
association, and why did Freud begin using it instead of hypnosis? What about resistance? What
is transference, and how should the psychoanalyst deal with it?

hypnosis was used with hysterical patients because they made great hypnosis patients.

free association is “tell me everything that comes to mind”. Freud used this instead because he could not hypnosis all of his patients.

Resistance is where people don’t want to talk

What is transference, and how should the psychoanalyst deal with it?

Transference is the client transfers his/her feelings about the actual source of the trauma to the therapist (both hostile and positive feelings). Therapist should analyze as part of the process of revealing and repairing the trauma.

What is the real function of dreams? Distinguish between manifest content and latent content.

Dream interpretation is “the royal road to the knowledge of the unconsciousness in mental life”

Manifest content is the actual content of the dream

Latent content is the hidden meaning of the dream

What was the Seduction theory, why did Freud abandon it, and what part of his later theory of
child development appears to be evolved from it?

patients recalled having been sexually molested in childhood by adults, including rape.

Freud abandoned it because some scenes were not literal hysterical events, they were real.

the concept of infantile sexuality and the phallic stage/Oedipus complex.

In his Lectures, what did Freud identify as the root cause (the nuclear complex, he called it) of all
neuroses?

Oedipus complex

When Freud traveled to America, where did he visit, and why? Who did he meet while he was
here, and how did they respond to his ideas?

he went to Clark University, he met Hall there. They didn’t agree with what he was saying. “American is a mistake, a large and important one”

psychosexual development: oral

birth-2, any object in the mouth, “is this food?”. Freud thinks that this is them seeking sexual pleasures

psychosexual development: anal

birth-3, potty training, First thing that the child can control, all depends on how the child reacts

psychosexual development: phallic

3-6 yrs, boys discover their penis. According to Freud a girl wonders where hers went too

psychosexual development: latency

6-12yrs, sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

psychosexual development: genital

12-adulthood, sexual impulses awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

castration anxiety

if you failed with the etipus complex (who you bond more with) if it’s not the same gender as you are a homosexual. And if the father finds out he’ll chop your penis off

penis envy

when girls wonder where their penis went, and are jealous that they dont have one

fixation

stuck in a stage, caused by how you were breast fed

anal-retentive vs. anal-expulsive personality types

anal retentive: OCD, everything needs to be a certain way

anal explosive: leaving stuff everywhere, not cleaning

Carl Jung

travelled with Freud, went to Clark University with hi. Collective unconscious and archetypes.

Sander Ferenczi

travelled with Freud, he fundamentally disagreed with hime, but eventually wrote an article on something similar other seduction theory

Otto Rank

helped write the interpretation of dreams, but he disagreed with Freud and was eventually taken off because of it.

Alfred Adler

inferiority complex, First fan of Freud, girls can envy boys (they can vote, but property, etc,)

Karen Horney

Adler’s student, she said that boys can envy boys (they can’t bear a child)