pharm bolded/underlined exam 2

3 main groups of diuretics

loops, thiazides, potassium sparing

loop diuretic MOA

inhibition of NaK + 2CL cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle

furosemide brand name

lasix

bumetanide brand name

bumex

ethacrynic acid brand name

edecrin

torsemide drug class

loop diuretic

bumetanide drug class

loop diuretic

ethacrynic acid drug class

loop diuretic

thiazide diuretic MOA

Inhibition of the Na and Cl transporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle and early distal tubule

hyrdochlorothiazide drug class

thiazide diuretics

chlorthalidone drug class

thiazide-like diuretics

indapamide drug class

thiazide-like diuretics

potassium sparing diuretic MOA

work to prevent the loss of potassium by different mechanisms

most common ADR for potassium sparing diuretics

hyperkalemia

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRA) MOA

Block the cytosolic receptor leading to increased Na and water excretion and a decrease in K excretion

spironolactone drug class

MRA

spironolactone MOA

works by binding to progesterone and androgen receptors

spironolactone ADRs

gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities & hyperkalemia

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors MOA

inhibit carbonic anhydrase which prevents the production of the

bicarbonate ion

acetazolamide brand name

diamox

what drug class is acetazolamide

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

osmotic diuretic MOA

increases osmolality in the renal tubules which leads to increased water excretion in the urine

main drug in osmotic diuretic class

mannitol

natriuretic peptide MOA

bind to natriuretic peptide receptors (A and B) which activate cyclic GMP (cGMP) production in cells

what drug class is nesiritide in

natriuretic peptide

what is renin

Kidney enzyme that initiates the cascade to regulate BP and electrolyte balance in the RAS

what is angiotensinogen

Liver protein that is a hormone precursor for Angiotensin I

what is angiotensin I

Inactive protein fragment

what is angiotensin II

Potent hormone that plays crucial role in regulating BP and fluid balance; potent vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone secretion

ACEi MOA

blocks the synthesis of the vasoconstrictor Angiotensin II, we decrease overall blood pressure

what does excess of bradykinin cause

dry cough

what drug class is lisinopril in

ACE inhibitor

what drug class is enalapril in

ACE inhibitors

lisinopril brand name

zestril

enalapril brand name

vasotec

ACEi and ARBs are contraindicated in

pregnancy

what drug class is losartan in

ARBs

what drug class is valsartan in

ARBs

losartan brand name

cozaar

valsartan brand name

diovan

only medication that is a direct renin inhibitor

aliskiren

calcium channel blocker MOA

inhibit the activity of the L-Type Ca Channels

two types of calcium channel blockers

dihydropyridines and non-dihydropyridines

what drug class is amlodipine in

CCB-dihydropyridines

what drug class is nicardipine in

CCB-dihydropyridines

what drug class is nifedipine in

CCB-dihydropyridines

what drug class is diltiazem in

CCB- non-dihydropyridines

what drug class is verapamil in

CCB- non-dihydropyridines

amlodipine brand name

norvasc

diltiazem brand name

cardizem

verapamil brand name

calan

aliskiren brand name

tekturna

hydralazine drug class

direct vasodilator

minoxidil drug class

direct vasodilator

nitroprusside drug class

direct vasodilator

why is nitroprusside limited in use

it releases cyanide

what is a common side effect with first dose of alpha 1 antagonists?

postural hypotensions

metoprolol brand name

lopressor

metoprolol class

beta-1 antagonist

carvedilol brand name

coreg

carvedilol drug class

beta-1 antagonist with alpha blocking

labetalol drug class

beta-1 antagonist with alpha blocking

propanolol drug class

beta-1 and beta-2 antagonist

labetalol is hypertension treatment for

pregnancy

clonidine brand name

catapres

clonidine drug class

centrally acting antihypertensives

clonidine ADRs

dry mouth, constipation, decreased libido, arrhythmias

what can occur when stopping clonidine?

"rebound effect" withdrawal symptoms

fenoldopam drug class

centrally acting antihypertensives

fenoldopam brand name

corlopam

organic nitrates MOA

release nitric oxide in the body to relax smooth muscles in blood vessels causing dilation

what drug class is nitroglycerin

organic nitrates

what drug class is isosorbide dinitrate

organic nitrates

what drug class is isosorbide-5-mononitrate

organic nitrates

sacubitril and valsartan are used in combo to treat

HFrEF

digoxin MOA

inhibit Na/K/ATPase and enhance the release of intracellular calcium to increase contractility

SGLT2 inhibitors are beneficial for

improving heart function, preserving kidney function, and decreasing hospitalizations and mortality

how many groups of antiarrhythmics exist in practice

4 groups

antiarrhythmic Class I

Na channel blockers

antiarrhythmic Class II

beta blockers

antiarrhythmic Class III

K channel blockers

antiarrhythmic Class IV

Ca channel blockers

class I is broken into 3 groups

IA, IB, IC

what drug class is procainamide in

class IA

what drug class is quinidine in

class IA

what drug class is lidocaine in

class IB

drug used for ventricular arrhythmias

lidocaine

what drug class is bretylium in

class III

what drug class is amiodarone in

class III

amiodarone brand name

corarone

what is amiodarone used for

prevention and treatment of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia

calcium channel blockers MOA

slow inward calcium during phase 0 and 2 via blocking L-type calcium channels on the heart primarily in the SA & AV nodes to slow conduction, reduce heart rate, & reduce contractility

calcium channel blockers contraindications

patients with reduced ejection fraction

two drugs in class IV (calcium channel blockers)

verapamil and diltiazem

what drug class is adenosine

antiarrythmic drug

adenosine MOA

depresses AV and SA node activity

digoxin requires

blood level monitoring

what drug class is aspirin

other antiplatelet agent

what drug class is clopidogrel

P2Y12 ADP receptor blocker

what drug class is prasugrel

P2Y12 ADP receptor blocker