Exam 1-- Cytology slides

cytology

study of cell

squamous

flat & thin cells

cuboidal

cube shaped cells

columnar

tall & thin cells

cells

first living level of organization

cell membrane

outer boundary that controls what enters and exits the cell

cytoskeleton

network of supportive proteins that provide internal support

cytoplasm

contains cytosol (fluid inside the cell) and organelles (structures that facilitate cellular function)

functions of cell membrane

-shape & protection

-Communication

-Semi-permeable

Cell membrane structure

-Bilayer membrane

-Phospholipids hydrophobic & hydrophilic (amphiphilic)

-Cholestrol (between phospholipids, provide rigidity)

-Glycolipids (carbs & lipids extend from cellular surface)

-Membrane proteins ( large molecules can’t pass easily thru)

Membrane Protein Functions

-Receptors (communication as receptors for neurotransmitters)

-Second-messengers (relay signals from outside the cell to inside)

-Enzymes (breakdown chemical messengers & nutrients)

-Channel proteins (allow water & other hydrophilic solutes to pass)

-Carriers (shuttle larger molecules)

-Cell-identity markers (glycoproteins that identify cell as ‘self’)

-Cell adhesion molecules (physically connect adjacent cells)

microvilli

small projections that increase the surface of a cell

cilia

small hair like projections.. some don’t move , some have sensory functions, others in respiratory areas

flagella

found in sperm cells, responsible for movement

passive vs active transport

Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using energy, while passive transport moves molecules along a gradient without using energy

filtration

hydrostatic pressure to move particles

simple diffusion

movement of particles down a concentration gradient high —> low

osmosis

diffusion of water high concentration to low concentration

carrier-mediated-transport

movement with protein assistance (facilitated diffusion and active transport)

facilitated diffusion

movement of substances high to low concentration with protein

ATP not required

Active Transport

movement of substances low to high concentration with protein and ATP is required

Vesicular Transport

used to move large molecules across the membrane requiring ATP

(endocytosis and exocytosis)

endocytosis

into the cell

exocytosis

out of the cell

cytoplasm

contents inside the cell, contains cytosol and organelles

nucleus

“control center”

Found in most cells

contains DNA

surround by a bilayer membrane

contains the nucleolus

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

system of interconnected channels called cisternae

2 types: rough & smooth

rough ER

continuous with nuclear envelope, contains ribosomes

smooth ER

continuous with rough ER, does not contain ribosomes

Ribosomes

produced in the nucleolus of the nucleus, attached to rough ER and free in the cytosol

reads the genetic material and produces peptides and proteins

Golgi Complex

small stacks of cisternae

finishes off proteins and synthesizes carbs

Golgi vesicles transport products (exocytosis)

lysosomes

specialized type of Golgi vesicle, contain digestive enzymes, travel through cell and breakdown unwanted materials

peroxisomes

resemble lysosomes, produced by ER, help to detoxify cytosol

mitochondria

oval in shape

internal folds known as cristae

synthesize ATP

centrioles

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules (proteins during cell division)

found in pairs

perpendicular to one another

used in cell division