Axial Positioniong: Skull Projections

Lateral Projection of the Skull Lateral Projection / Dorsal decub / Cross table  lateral (Robinson, Meares & Goree)

CENTRAL RAY?

2 inches above EAM

SKULL

PA Caldwell Projection: Caldwell Method

Central Ray?

15 degrees Caudad: Petrous Pyramids

20-25 Degrees Caudad: Superior Orbital Fissures

25-30 Degrees Caudad: Foramina Rotundum

SKULL:

AP AXIAL PROJECTION; TOWNES METHOD/CHAMBERLAINE

CENTRAL RAY?

30 Degrees Caudad OML if Px able

37 Degrees IOML if Px cannot

SKULL:

PA AXIAL PROJECTION: Haas Method

Central Ray?

25 Degrees Cephalad

SKULL: SMV/FULL BASAL/ BASILAR PROJECTION; SCHULLER/PFEIFFER METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR TO THE IR ( GONION TO VERTEX)

SKULL: VSM – VERTICOSUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION: SCHULLER METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR TO IR

SKULL:

AXIOLATERAL : LYSHOLM METHOD for px cannot do smv

CENTRAL RAY?

30-35 DEGREES CAUDAD EXIT 1 INCH DISTAL TO LOWER EAM

SKULL:

PA AXIAL: VALDINI METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR ENTRANCE TO INION EXIT O.5 DISTAL TO NASION

SKULL:

PA AXIAL VALDINI METHOD

PATIENT POSITIONING?

IOML- 50 degrees MSP for DILA
OML- 50 Degrees MSP for Eat Bolaga

SELLA TURCICA

AP AXIAL TOWNE:

CENTRAL RAY?

OML 30 DEGREES CAUDAD- DAT( Dorsum Sellae, Anterior Clinoid Process above shadow of foramen magnum, Tuberculum Sellae)

IOML 37 DEGREES CAUDAD- DP (DORSUM SELLAE, POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS)

SELLA TURCICA

PA AXIAL HAAS METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

25 DEGREES CEPHALAD (DP WITHIN FORAMEN MAGNUM)

ORBITS PROJECTION

PARIEO-ORBITAL PROJECTION

RHEESE METHOD/ 3 POINT LANDING

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR 1” SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO TEA AND EXIT TO AFFECTED ORBIT CLOSEST TO IR

ORBITS

RHEESE METHOD

PATIENT POSITIONING?

PAZAM:

PRONE

AML PERPENDICULAR

ZYNOCH (ZYGOMA, NOSE, CHIN) TO IR

AFFECTED SIDE CLOSEST TO IR

MSP 53 DEGREES

ORBIT PROJECTION

ORBITOPARIETAL PROJECTION

ALEXANDER METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR WITH IR 15 DEGREES ANGLE

ORBIT ALEXANDER METHOD

PX POSITIONING?

HEAD SIDE AWAY FROM IR

MSP 40 DEGREES AML PERPENDICULAR

ORBITS PROJECTION

MODIFIED LYSHOLM METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

20 DEGREES CAUDAD- OFAC (OPTIC CANAL, ANTERIOR CLINOID PROCESS)

30 DEGREES CAUDAD- SOF (SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES)

SPHENOID STRUT

HOUGH METHOD- used in erosion of bone cause by lesion
CENTRAL RAY?

7 DEGREES CAUDAD EXIT TO AFFECTED ORBIT

ORBITAL FISSURES

BERTEL METHOD: USED IN ORBITAL FLOORS AND INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES

CENTRAL RAY?

20-25 DEGREES CEPHALAD

FOREIGN BODY LOCALIZATION IN ORBITS

PARIENTOACANTHIAL

MODIFIED WATERS METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR OML 50 DEGRREES PETROUS PYRAMID PROJECTED BELOW ORBITAL SHADOWS

LOCALIZATION OF FORIEGN BODY IN ORBITS

VOGN BONE FREE METHOD

TWO PROJECTIONS USED FOR FOREIGN PARTICLES LOCATED IN ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE BALL

CENTRAL RAY?

LATERAL: HORIZONTAL- UP AND DOWN MOVEMENTS OF EYE

SUPEROINFERIOR: VERTICAL- LEFT AND RIGHT MOVEMENT OF EYE

LOCALIZATION OF FORIEGN BODY ORBITS

PARALLAX TWO METHOD PROJECTION

USED FOR LOCATING FORIEGN BODY WITHIN THE EYEBALL DEEP

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR

PA: LEFT AND RIGHT IN WATERS POSITION

LATERAL: UP AND DOWN MOVEMENT OF EYE

LOCALIZATION OF FOREIGN BODY ORBITS

LATERAL: SWEET METHOD

USED IN EXACT LOCATION OF FOREIGN BODY USING GEOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

CENTRAL RAY?

15-25 DEGREES CEPHALAD TWO EXPOSURES

LOCALIZATION OF FOREIGN BODY IN ORBITS

TWO PROJECTIONS: PFEIFFER AND COMBERD METHOD

NOTE THEY USED LEAD CONTACT LENSES IN CORNEA

CENTRAL RAY?

WATERS HORIZONTAL

LATERAL PERPENDICULAR

FACIAL BONES PROJECTION

PARIETOACANTHIAL

WATERS METHOD

BEST PROJECTION FOR FACIAL BONE

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR EXTRANT PARIETAL EXIT TO ACANTHION WITH

OML 37 DEGREES

FACIAL BONES PROJECTION

PARIETOACANTHIAL

MODIFIED WATERS METHOD

Note ideally for blowout fractures

CENTRAL RAY?

perpendicular with OML 55 degrees

FACIAL BONES PROJECTIONS

ACANTHIOPARIETAL

REVERSE WATERS METHOD- TRAUMA

NOTE SAME WITH WATERS BUT MAGNIFIED AND DISTORTED

PX CANNOT PRONE

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

PERPENDICULAR ENTER IN ACANTHION

OML 37 DEGREES

FACIAL BONES PROJECTION

PA AXIAL CALDWELL EXAGERRATED ANGULATION

CENTRAL RAY?

15 DEGREES CAUDAD PETROUS PYRAMIDS LOWER THIRD OF ORBITS

30 DEGREES EXAGGERATED FOR PETROUS RIDGES BELOW INFEFIOR ORBITAL MARGINS

FACIAL BONES PROJECTION

PAO AXIAL

LAW METHOD

IDEALLY USED FOR FLOOR AND POSTERIOR WALL OF MAXILLARY SINUS

CENTRAL RAY?

25-30 DEGREES CEPHALAD ENTRANCE TO POSTERIOR GONION

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

SMV SCHULLER METHOD

BEST FOR BILATED SYMMETRIC DECREASE EXPOSURE FACTORS

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR TO OML 1’ POSTERIOR TO OUTER CANTHI

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

TANGENTIAL: MAY METHOD

USEFUL IN PX W/DEPRESSED FX OR FLAT CHEEKBONES

CENTRAL RAY?

PERPENDICULAR IOML

15 DEGREES MSP AWAY FROM SIDE OF INTEREST

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

AP AXIAL": MODIFIED TOWNE (JUG HANDLE VIEW)

USEFUL IN BILATERAL SYMMETRIC ZYGOMATIC ARCHES FREE FROM SUPERIMPOSITION

CENTRAL RAY?

OML 30 DEGREES CAUDAD GLABELLA 1’ INCH ABOVE NASION

IOML 37 DEGREES

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

PA AXIAL: MODIFIED TITTERINGTON METHOD

USEFUL IN WELL DEMONSTRATING ZYGOMATIC ARCHES

CENTRAL RAY?

23-38 DEGREES CAUDAD ENTRANCE TO VERTEX MIDWAY BETWEEN ZYGOMATIC ARCHES

ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

PA AXIAL OBLIQUE: MODIFIED FUCHS METHOD

USEFUL IN OBLIQUE UPPERMOST ZYGOMATIC ARCH FREE FROM SUPERIMPOSITION AND LATERAL OF MAXILLARY SINUS WELL DEMONSTRATED

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

35 DEGREES CAUDAD WITH

MSP 45 DEGREES

HEAD TILT TO 15 DEGREES

MANDIBULAR RAMI PROJECTIONS

PA AXIAL PROJECTION ROUTINE

CENTRAL RAY?

20-25 DEGREES CEPHALAD TO EXIT ACANTHION

MANDIBULAR PROJECTIONS

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

25 DEGREES CEPHALAD

IPL PERPENDICULAR TO IR FOR TRUE LATERAL (IF RAMI)

PX head 30 degrees toward the IR ( IF MANDIBULAR BODY )

PX head 45 degrees toward the IR ( IF MANDIBULAR SYMPHESIS)

TMJ PROJECTIONS

AP AXIAL PROJECTIONS

TOWNES METHOD NOT PERFORM IF TRAUMA PX

CLOSED MOUTH: POSTERIOR TEETH PREVENTS MANDIBULAR PROTRUSION

OPEN MOUTH: MANDIBLE NOT PROTRUDED (JUTTED FORWARD)

CENTRAL RAY?

35 DEGREES CAUDAD 3 INCHES ABOVE NASION

TMJ PROJECTIONS

AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION

CENTRAL RAY?

25-30 DEGREES CAUDAD OPEN/CLOSED MOUTH 2 INCH SUPERIOR TO EAM

TMJ METHOD

OBLIQUE TRANFACIAL

ZANELLI METHOD

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

PERPENDICULAR TO MANDIBLE

MSP 30 DEGREES

TMJ PROJECTIONS

LATERAL TRANFACIAL

ALBERS-SCHONBERG METHOD

CENTRAL RAY?

USED IN TRUE LATERAL TMJ

20 DEGREES CEPHALAD

MASTOID AIR CELLS

AXIOLATERAL: SCHULLER

CENTRAL RAY?

25 DEGREES TO 30 DEGREES CAUDALLY RP 1 ½ SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO THE EAM

MASTOID AIR CELLS PROJECTION

MODIFIED LAW METHOD/ AXIO LATERAL OBLIQUE (SINGLE-TUBE ANGULATION)

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITION?

15 DEGREES CAUDAD

RP 1 INCH POSTERIOR TO THE EAM AND 2 INCHES SUPERIOR TO THE UPPERMOST OF EAM

MSP 15 DEGREES

MASTOID AIR CELLS PROJECTION

AP TANGENTIAL: MODIFIED HICKEY METHOD

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

15 DEGREES CAUDAD RP ENTERS THE INTERIOR BORDER OF THE MASTOID PROCESS

MSP 55 DEGREES

PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE PROJECTION

STENVERS / AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE/ POSTERIOR PROFILE POSITION PRONE POSITION

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

12 DEGREES CEPHALAD RP 1INCH ANTERIOR TO THE EAM

MSP 45 DEGREES TOWARDS THE SIDE OF INTEREST

PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE PROJECTION

ARCELIN( REVERSE OF STENVERS/ ANTERIOR PROFILE POSITION

SUPINE POSITION

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

10 DEGREES CAUDAD RP 1INCH ANTERIOR AND ¾ SUPERIOR TO THE EAM

MSP 45 DEGREES

PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE PROJECTION

HENSCHEN/ AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE/ CUSHING

PRONE POSITIONING

CENTRAL RAY?

15 DEGREES CAUDAD RP 2INCHES / 5CM ABOVE THE EAM

PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE PROJECTION

MAYER/ AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE

CENTRAL RAY?

45 DEGREES CAUDAD

RP 3 INCHES ABOVE THE SUPERCILLARY RIDGES

PETROMASTID PROJECTIONS

LYSHOLM METHOD/ AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE

PRONE POSITION

CENTRAL RAY?

30-35 DEGREES CAUDALLY

REFERED TO AS RUNSTROM ii METHOD WITH OPEN MOUTH TO VISUALIZE PETROUS APEX

PETROMASTOID PROJECTIONS

VALDINI METHOD/ PA AXIAL

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

PERPENDICULAR

IOML 50 DEGREES DILA

OML 50 DEGREES EAT BULAGA

PETROMASTOID PROJECTIONS

STYLOID PROCESS- CAHOON METHOD / PA AXIAL PROJECTION

CENTRAL RAY?

25 DEGREES CEPHALAD

PETROMASTOID PROJECTIONS

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE/MILLER METHOD

CENTRAL RAY AND PATIENT POSITIONING?

12 DEGREES CAUDALLY RP 1INCH ANTERIOR AND ½ INFERIOR TO THE EAM USED TO DELINEATE THE HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

MSP 45 DEGREES

PETROMASTOID PROJECTION

AXIOLATERAL METHOD

HENSCHEN/CUSHING: MASTOID CELLS IAM AND EAM, TYMPANI, TUMORS OF THE ACOUSTIC

SCHULLER: PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

LYSHOLM/RUNSTORM: CAROTID CANAL AND LABYRINTHINE AREA

CENTRAL RAY?

HENSCHEN/CUSHING: 15 DEGREE CAUDAD

SCHULLER: 25 DEGREE CAUDAD

LYSHOLM: 35 DEGREE CAUDAD

PETROMASTOID/TEMPORAL PROJECTIONS

ATTIC-ADITUS-ANTRAL AREAS

CHAUSE III METHOD

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

20 DEGREE CAUDAD

MSP 15 DEGREES

SUPINE

PETROMASTOID PROJECTIONS

PARIETOTEMPORAL

LOW BEER METHOD: SIMILAR TO STENVERSE

CENTRAL RAY?

33 DEGREES ANTERIORLY AND 10 DEGREES CEPHALAD

JUGULAR FORAMINA PROJECTIONS

SMV: KEMP HARPER METHOD

SUPINE, HEAD ON VERTEX

NOTED: JUGULAR FORAMINA NEAR LEVEL OF ANGLES OF MANDIBLE

CENTRAL RAY?

20 DEGREES CAUDAD

JUGULAR FORAMINA PROJECTIONS

SMV: ERASO METHOD SAME TO KEMP HARPER

CENTRAL RAY? FOR PROMINENT MANDIBLE

5-10 DEGREES PERPENDICULAR 2 INCHES DISTAL MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS

JUGULAR FORAMINA PROJECTIONS

TRANSORAL: CHAUSEE II METHOD

SUPINE POSITION

MSP 10 DEGREES TOWARDS SIDE OF INTEREST

CENTRAL RAY?

25 DEGREES CEPHALAD

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL PROJECTIONS

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE

MILLER ANTERIOR PROFILE

PX SUPINE

USED TO DILINEATH THE HYPOGLOSSAL PX WITH NERVE TUMOR ON IT

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

12 DEGREES CAUDAD

MSP 45 DEGREES AWAY

HYPOGLOSSAL PROJECTIONS

AP AXIAL: COASTAL JOINTS

PX WITH RHEUMATOID SPONDYLITIS

CENTRAL RAY AND PX POSITIONING?

20 DEGREES CEPHALAD

INCREASE 5-10 DEGREES PX WITH DORSAL KYPHOSIS

VERTEBRAL COLUMN: APO PROJECTION

R AN L METHOD

used for?

patient cannot be adjusted in open mouth