AnP Lecture - Chapter 1 - Ex1

Anatomy =

structure

Physiology =

function

8 Necessary Life Functions

1. maintaining boundaries (ex: plasma membrane)

2. movement (ex: peristalsis)

3. responsiveness (ex: reacting to a hot stove)

4. digestion (breaking things down)

5. metabolism (sum of chemically building/breaking down)

6. excretion (removal of toxic/unecessary waste)

7. reproduction (continued species survival)

8. survival (individual survival, homeostasis)

5 Survival Needs

1. nutrition (energy and materials)

2. water (50-60% of our body weight)

3. oxygen (20% of air, needed for oxidation reactions)

4. stable body temperature

5. atmospheric pressure (for gas exchange)

Homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

dynamic state of equilibrium

Positive feedback

response enhances the continued response to a stimulus, accelerating it into a cascade (ex: labor contractions get more and more intense)

Negative feedback

response decreases the effects of the original stimulus to bring body back to equilibrium (ex: glucose and glucagon cycle in response to eating and blood sugar levels)

Superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure

Inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure

Ventral / anterior

toward or at the front of body; in front of

Dorsal / posterior

toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

toward or at the body surface; more external

Deep

away from the body surface; more internal

Midsagittal plane

median; divides left and right

Coronal plane

frontal; divided anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

divides superior and inferior

Axial skeleton

skull, ossicles (inner ear), hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet

Parietal serosa

outer wall of a membrane

Peri- serous cavity

inner spaces of a membrane, can be filled with fluid

Visceral serosa

inner membrane wall