KIN 402L Midterm Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key topics for the KIN 402L midterm review including resting metabolic rate, aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, rate of force development, and muscle fatigue.

Small calorie (cal)

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{g}$ of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$.

Large calorie (kcal)

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{kg}$ of water by $1^\circ\text{C}$. It is also known as a kilocalorie ($1\,\text{kcal} = 1,000\,\text{cal}$).

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by an organism at rest to maintain essential physiological functioning.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The amount of energy required by the body to maintain basic vital functions while at rest over a $24\,\text{hour}$ period.

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

The total quantity of energy expended by an individual over a day, comprising resting metabolic rate, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food.

Direct Calorimetry

A methodology that quantifies energy expenditure by directly measuring heat liberated from the body.

Indirect Calorimetry

A methodology that estimates energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption ($\text{VO}_2$) and carbon dioxide elimination ($\text{CO}_2$).

Absolute VO2 to Kcal Conversion

The formula used to convert oxygen consumption rate to caloric expenditure per minute: $\text{Absolute VO}_2 \times 5 = \text{kcals per minute}$.

Direct End-Criteria for Maximal VO2 Test

The primary objective indicator of reaching maximal oxygen uptake ($\text{VO}_2\text{ max}$), marked by a plateau in oxygen consumption ($\text{VO}_2\text{ Plateau}$) despite increasing workload.

Indirect End-Criteria for Maximal VO2 Test

Secondary indicators confirming maximal effort during an exercise test, including a peak heart rate $>85\%$ of predicted max, Borg RPE $>17$, respiratory exchange ratio $\text{RER} > 1.1$, and blood lactate $>8\text{-}10\,\text{mmol/L}$.

YMCA Cycle Ergometer Test

A submaximal cycle ergometer protocol used to predict $\text{VO}_2\text{ max}$ by evaluating heart rate responses at various workload intensities.

Oxygen Deficit

The difference between total oxygen consumed during exercise and the total volume that would have been consumed had steady-state energy supply been attained immediately.

Oxygen Debt

The volume of oxygen consumed during recovery above normal resting level, used to restore physiological baseline post-exercise.

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

The elevated metabolic rate and oxygen consumption following exercise that serves to restore muscle oxygen stores and clear metabolic byproducts.

Sample Oxygen Deficit and Debt Table

A dataset showing stage time, absolute $\text{VO}_2$, absolute $\text{CO}_2$, and exercise state; in this lab sample, summed exercise Oxygen Deficit is $0.27\,\text{Liters}$ and summed recovery Oxygen Debt is $-0.20\,\text{Liters}$.

ATP-CP System

An immediate anaerobic metabolic system that utilizes stored ATP and phosphocreatine to generate rapid energy for high-intensity efforts lasting up to approximately $10\,\text{seconds}$.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

An anaerobic pathway that rapidly breaks down carbohydrates without oxygen to resynthesize ATP, generating lactic acid as a byproduct.

Wingate Test

A $30\,\text{second}$ maximal intensity ergometer test used to evaluate peak anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, and fatigue index.

Rate of Force Development (RFD)

A metric of explosive strength measuring how quickly muscle force increases during the initial phase of voluntary contraction.

Type I Muscle Fibers

Slow-twitch muscle fibers designed for endurance, characterized by high aerobic capacity, high fatigue resistance, and lower contraction speed.

Type IIA Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers that possess intermediate force output, fast contraction speed, and moderate resistance to fatigue.

Type IIX Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers capable of generating maximal force and power output rapidly, but possessing low fatigue resistance.

Countermovement Jump (CMJ)

A vertical jump assessment using a force plate where an athlete lowers their center of gravity before rapidly exploding upward, used to assess leg power and Rate of Force Development (RFD).

Bilateral Deficit

The condition where the maximal force produced by both limbs operating simultaneously is lower than the sum of forces exerted by each limb independently.

Bilateral Facilitation

An adaptation where the force produced when operating both limbs together exceeds the combined total of unilateral maximal force outputs.

Central Fatigue

Fatigue originating within the central nervous system, characterized by a reduction in neural drive to active motor units.

Peripheral Fatigue

Fatigue localized at or distal to the neuromuscular junction, caused by intramuscular mechanisms such as metabolite accumulation or energetic substrate depletion.