Cardiovascular system complete

Vitamin K

necessary for synthesis of blood clotting factors

Vitamin K antagonists

disrupt synthesis of blood clotting factors and coagulation

Vitamin K antagonists examples

Warfarin and dicoumeral

Function of cardiovascular system

transport

Components of the cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries, and veins

Artereis

transport blood away from the heart to tissues

Veins

return blood to the heart from tissues

Heart parts

base, apex, pericardium, heart wall

Heart shape

cone shape

Base of heart

the end attached to other structures

Apex of heart

free end of heart

Pericardium

protective membrane surrounding the heart

Layers of pericardium

parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

outer layer of pericardium

Parietal pericardium made of

dense irregular connective tissue

Pericardial cavity location

space between parietal and visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity contains

pericardial fluid

Visceral pericardium made of

composed of simple squamous epithelial tissue

Layers of heart wall

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Epicardium

outer layer of heart wall

Epicardium is composed of

composed of simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium

middle layer of heart wall

Myocardium made of

cardiac muscle, thickest layer

Endocardium

inner layer of heart wall

Endocardium made of

composed of simple squamous epithelium

Heart is divided into

left and right halves, each having 2 chambers

Two chambers of heart

atrium and ventricle

Atrium

receives blood from veins

Ventricle

pumps blood into arteries

Ventricular septum

layer of myocardium between the 2 ventricles

Atrioventricular valves

separates the atria from venricles

Types of atrioventricular valves

tricuspid valve and mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

separates right atrium from right ventricle

Mitral valve

separates left atrium from left ventricle

Semilunar valves

separates ventricles from arteries

Types of semilunar valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery/trunk

Aortic valve

separates left ventricle from aorta

Blood flow through right side of heart

• vena cavae empty into right atrium

• blood flow through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle

• blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk

Blood flow through left side of heart

• pulmonary veins empty into left atrium

• blood flows through mitral valve into left ventricle

• blood flows through aortic valve into aorta

Blood vessel lining is

continuous with endocardium and made of simple squamous epithelium

Arteries branch into

arterioles

Arterioles branch into

capillaries

Capillaries branch into

tissues

Cappilaries merge to form

venules

Venules merge to form

veins

Circulatory systems

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation

Pulmonary circulation flow

circulates blood from right side of heart to lungs to left side of heart

Pulmonary circulation types of hemoglobin

carbaminohemoglobin leaves heart, oxyhemoglobin returns

Systemic circulation flow

circulates blood from left side of heart to everywhere in body except lungs to right side of heart

Systemic circulation types of hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin leaves heart, carbaminohemoglobin returns

Coronary circulation flow

circulates blood from left side of heart to the tissue of heart to the right side of heart

Portal system

a vein returning blood to the heart reforms a capillary bed before returning to the heart

Types of portal systems

Hepatic portal system and hypophyseal portal system

Hepatic portal system

blood leaving organs of digestive tract enters the hepatic portal vein for transport to liver where capillaries reform before transporting blood to heart

Hypophyseal portal system

blood leaving hypothalamus enters capillaries in anterior pituitary before returning to heart

Cardiac muscle fibers characteristics

short cell connected by intercalated discs, striated, involuntary, do not require neural stimulation

Cardiac muscle fibers being striated means

they have sarcomeres that contract the same way as skeletal muscle

CONTINUE

Sinoatrial (SA) node found in

right atrium

Sinoatrial (SA) node made of

pacemaker cells

Pacemaker cells made of

specialized cardiac muscle fibers

Pacemaker cells

spontaneously generate action potential in a rhythmical manner

Action potential in the SA node are transmitted

through the right and left atrium through intercalated discs

Action potential from SA node to atriums causes

contraction of atria

Atrioventricular (AV) node location

right atrium

SA node sends action potential to

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Atrioventricular (AV) node

delays transmission of action potential

AV node sends action potential to

Bundle of His

Bundle of His

delays transmission of action potential

Bundle of His sends action potential to

Right and left bundle branches along the interventricular septum

Bundle branches of interventricular septum branch into

Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

transmit action potential throughout ventricles

Action potential throughout ventricles results in

ventricles contracting

Cardiac cycle definition

the events that occur during one complete heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

diastole and systole

Diastole

relaxation of the ventricles and ventricles fill with blood

Diastole sound

Dub

Systole

contraction of the ventricles and ventricles empty

Systole sound

Lub

Heart rate definition

frequency of cardiac cycle per minute

Blood pressure definition

force exerted on a blood vessel wall

Blood pressure in arteries

high

Blood pressure in capillaries

moderate

Blood pressure in veins

low

Blood pressure gradient

returns blood to heart

Measure blood pressure by taking

systolic blood pressure / diastolic blood pressure

Lymphatic system funtions

fluid balance, lipid absorption, defense

Fluid balance lymphatic system function

returns fluid lost from the blood back to the blood

Lipid absorption lymphatic system function

lipids enter lymphatic system after absorption for distribution throughout body

Defense lymphatic system function

lymphocytes develop and are activated

Lymphatic system componants

lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen

Lymphatic capillaries and vessels

transport lymph

Lymph nodes

activate lymphocyes

Thymus

where T lymphocyte development occurs

Bursa of fabricius

where B lymphocyte development occurs in birds

Spleen lymphatic system component

Has red and white pulp

Red pulp of spleen

removal of RBCs, reservoir for RBCs

White pulp of spleen

activation of lymphocytes