theory - infection control

infectious agent

bacteria, viruses, fungi

reservoir

natural habitat of the organism

portal of exit

point of escape for the organism

means of transmission

direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route

portal of entry

point at which organisms enter a new host

susceptible host

must overcome resistance mounted by host defense

how to break the chain of infection regarding an infectious agent

destroy pathogen

how to break the chain of infection regarding a reservoir

pre-op skin prep (chlorexidine)

how to break the chain of infection regarding a portal of exit

contain bodily fluids

how to break the chain of infection regarding a mode of transmission

hand hygiene

how to break the chain of infection regarding a susceptible host

increase line of defense

modes of transmission

droplet

vehicle and vector-borne

airborne transmission

contact

types of contact transmission

direct and indirect

factors affecting an organisms potential to produce disease

number of organisms

virulence

competence of persons immune system

length and intimacy of contact between person and microorganism

first part of inflammatory response

recognition by pattern receptors

second part of inflammatory response

activation of inflammatory pathways

third part of inflammatory response

release of inflammatory markers

fourth part of inflammatory response

recruitment of inflammatory cells

first stage of infection

incubation

second stage of infection

prodromal

third stage of infection

acute illness

fourth stage of infection

decline

fifth stage of infection

convalescence

local infections

confined to one area

systemic infections

spread to the bloodstream

types of infections

local and systemic

factors increasing client risk of infection

• being in health care environemnt

• any type of inserted device

• any type of wound

asepsis

includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

surgical asepsis

sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms

ex. of surgical asepsis

inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or IV

medical asepsis

clean technique to reduce number of pathogens

medical asepsis ex.

hand hygiene and wearing gloves

normal WBC count

5,000 - 10,000/mm3

laboratory data indicating infection

increase in specific types of WBCs

elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures

types of healthcare associated infections

CLABSIs

CAUTIs

SSIs

VAPs

CLABSIs

central life-associated bloodstream infections

CAUTIs

catheter-associated urinary tract infections

SSIs

surgical site infections

VAPs

ventilator-associated pneumonias

required special precautions for multidrug-resistant infections

proper handwashing

gloves

contact precautions

enchanted barrier precautions

factors determining use of sterilization and disinfection methods

nature and of numbers of organisms present

type of equipment

intended use of equipment

available means for sterilization and disinfection

PPE and supply

gloves

gown

masks

protective eyewear

moment 1 for Hand hygiene

before touching a patient

moment 2 for hand hygiene

before a clean or aseptic procedure

moment 3 for hand hygiene

after a body fluid exposure risk

moment 4 for hand hygiene

after touching a patient

moment 5 for hand hygiene

after touching patient surroundings (exiting of patient room)

three types of transmission based precautions

airborne

droplet

contact

transmission-based precautions

used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes

airborne precautions

patient will be in a negative pressure room and the door must be kept closed at all times

what must be put outside an airborne precautions room

sign and isolation cart

what is required from a patient on airborne precautions

N-95 mask, and visitors must wear a surgical mask for a limited visiting time

droplet precautions

diseases that are transmitted by close contact with respiratory secretions

how are droplets expelled

when patient coughs or sneezes

how long can drops remain in the air for

3 feet prior to falling to the floor

PPE for droplet precaution patient

isolation sign must be outside the patients room. a mask and gloves should be worn by anyone entering the room

contact precautions PPE

isolation sign outside the room, gown, and gloves are required by all people that enter the room including visitors, face shields/goggles if needed

common infections when a patient is on contact precautions

MRSA or VRE

MRSA or VRE

bacteria can live on various surfaces for weeks to months

enteric precautions are used for what patients

C. difficult infections

enteric precautions

isolation sign outside the patients room

gown and gloves worn by anyone entering the patients room

wash hands with soap and water only

neutropenic precautions

protecting the patient from OUR bacteria

when are neutropenic precautions initiated

for patients who are immunocompromised: cancer, transplant

what cannot be in a neutropenic patients room

fresh fruit, vegetables, flowers

PPE in neutropenic precautions room

hand hygiene, mask, gloves

may wear a gown for extra protection for the patient

patient placement is thoughtful

donning

putting on personal protective equipment (PPE)

doffing

removing PPE safely to avoid self-contamination