Organic Chemistry I Functional Groups

Alkene

C=C

-ene

Alkyne

C≡C

-yne

Arene

Aromatic Ring

Halide

Alcohol

-ol

Ether

Monophosphate

-phosphate

Diphosphate

-diphosphate

Amine

-amine

Imine (Shiff Base)

Nitrile

-C≡N

-nitrile

Thiol

-thiol

Sulfide

-sulfide

Disulfide

-disulfide

Sulfoxide

-sulfoxide

Aldehyde

-al

Ketone

-one

Carboxylic Acid

-oic acid

Ester

-oate

Thioester

-thioate

Amide

-amide

Acid chloride

-oyl chloride

Carboxylic acid anhydride

-oic anhydride

DoU

(2C+2+N-H-X)/2

Alkane Formula

CnH2n+2

Alkene Formula

CnH2n

DoU=1

Alkyne Formula

CnH2n-2

DoU=2

Saturated Molecules

C-C

Each has the highest # of atoms (molecule is “full”/saturated w/ H)

Forms straight, tight, chains that pack closely tg

Less reactive— single bonds are stable and hard to break

Unsaturated Molecules

Contains @least one C=C / C≡C

2ble/3ple bonds share electrons b/ween C, therefore molecules hold less H’s than possible

2ble/3ple bonds create bends in molecular chain

More reactive bc 2ble/3ple bonds can easily open up

Rings are considered unsaturated

Constitutional (Structural) Isomer

A molecule that shares the exact same molecular formula as another compound, but a different arrangement and/or connectivity

Resonance Structure

One of 2+ valid Lewis structures for a single molecule or ion that cannot be accurately represented by a single drawing alone

Conjugation

Overlap of unhybridized p-orbitals across 3+ adjacent atoms which allow pi bond electrons to delocalize across a continuous system