Botany 440: Lab Exam 2

Flower Morphology

Remember:

• Anther + Filament = STAMEN

• Style + Stigma + Ovary = CARPEL

Fruit Types

• Simple: develop from a single ovary of a flower and are the most common type

  • ex) drupes (stone fruits): fruits with a single seed enclosed in a hard pit

• Aggregate: form from a single flower with multiple ovaries that merge into one fruit

  • ex) strawberries

• Multiple Fruits: multiple fruits develop from a cluster of flowers (inflorescence) that fuse into a single fruit

  • ex) pineapples

Asteraceae: What are the flower head types and what kind of floret does each type have?

Asteraceae: note location of phyllaries, receptacle, and floral parts

Asteraceae: What is the difference between a bristle/capillary and awn-shaped pappus?

• Bristle/Capillary: stiff, hair-like appendage

• Awn-shaped: small, pointed, often barbed

Asteraceae: Corolla Morphology

Corolla: the petals of a flower

Asteraceae: Involucre (Bract)

Involucre/Phyllaries: a whorl or rosette of bracts surrounding an inflorescence

Bract: modified or specialized leaf

Poaceae: Leaf Sheath

Poaceae: What is a ligule and where is it located?

Ligule: a small appendage at the junction of the leaf blade and the leaf sheath

Poaceae: Inflorescence Types

Poaceae: Spikelet Morphology

Poaceae: Floret Morphology

note: lemma is bigger and layered on top of palea

Euphorbiaceae: Cyathium Structure

Know locations of:

• Staminate and Pistilate flower

• Nectar glands

Polygonaceae: Ocrea with bristles

Polygonaceae: Ocrea without bristles

Polygonaceae: Flower Characteristics

Perianth: 5-6 petaloid tepals, undifferentiated sepals and petals (tepals)

Polygonaceae: Achene Types

• Achene: a small, dry one-seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed

• Trigonous achene often enclosed by persistent tepals

• Fruit achenes: lenticular, black, shiny/glossy

Lamiaceae: Verticillaster Inflorescence

Verticillaster: a fake whorl of flowers around the stem; actually made from two opposite clusters of flowers growing close together

Lamiaceae: Ovary Position

• Ovary is usually superior and is deeply lobed (4-lobed) with a long style that grows through/between the lobes of the ovary (gynobasic)

• Stigma is 2-forked

Lamiaceae: Fruit

Fruit consists of four 1-seeded nutlets

Lamiaceae: Corolla are two-lipped

Solanaceae: Flower Types

• Complete: has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil

• Perfect/Bisexual: contains both male and female reproductive parts

Solanaceae: What is a connivent anther?

Connivent Anthers: anthers clustered together (but not fused) around the style

Solanaceae: Ovary Position

Usually superior