Robert Merton

What is Merton's main argument?

Sociological theory and empirical research should work together to explain social phenomena.

What is middle-range theory?

A theory focused on specific social phenomena that can be tested through empirical research.

What are the two extremes Merton criticizes?

Too much focus on research methods without theory, and too much abstract theory without empirical evidence.

What is post factum interpretation?

Creating an explanation after observing results, making findings appear to support a theory that did not predict them.

What is an empirical generalization?

An observed relationship or pattern between variables that does not necessarily explain why it exists.

What is the difference between theory and empirical generalization?

Empirical generalization describes a pattern; theory explains why the pattern occurs.

What does Merton recommend for sociology?

Develop middle-range theories that connect theoretical ideas with empirical evidence.