Natural Hazard Exam 1

Impacts on death toll

Type of disaster, location, population density, and government

Democracy Index

How likely the government is to provide aid after a disaster

Gross Domestic Product

more money, more protection

Demographic transition

Population goes from high death rate + high birth rate to low death rate + low birth

Birth and Death rate changes

In the las 2-3 centuries, birth rates have changed a little while death rates have plunged

Less developed countries b+d

Decreased death and increased birth

More developed countries b+d

Decreased death and decreased birth

Divergent boundary

Pulls apart- normal fault

Convergent boundary

pushes together- reverse fault

Transform boundary

slides past each other- strike-slip fault

Ductile/plastic

acts like putty

Brittle

abruptly fractures when a force is applied

Isostasy

buoyancy of continents

Foot wall

left wall

Hanging wall

right wall

Hypocenter

Point underground where an earthquake starts

Epicenter

Point on land above where an earthquake originates

Frequency

number of waves passing a give point during 1 sec.

Period

1 / freq

Body waves

Primary and Secondary waves

Primary waves

Travels through all phases, fastest waves, push-pull motion

Secondary waves

travels only through solids, transverse waves, up-down motion

Surface waves

Love and Rayleigh waves

Love waves

travel through only solids, slower waves, moves side-side

Rayleigh waves

travels through solids and liquids, long periods, vertical and horizontal movement

Viscosity

Fluidity if a liquid

Volatiles

dissolved gasses

Volume

amount of material that comes out of the volcano

Fetch

the length of water surface the wind blows across

Seiches

lake tsunami

What is the most common type of disaster of the top 40 deadliest?

Earthquakes

Relationship between frequency and magnitude of natural disasters

The more frequent the natural disaster, the smaller the magnitude and vice versa

Name two different ways to quantify disasters

Death toll and economic loss

Mitigation

Taking precautions when it comes to inherit risks present

What are two choices women are making that lower the rate of population growth?

Having children later in life due to their career growth and having fewer children due to the cost of having children

Define an elastic response

When stress is applied, the material returns to its original condition when there is no longer stress applied. An example is stretching a rubber band and releasing it

Define ductile response

The material deforms but doesn’t break under stress. An example is when clay is pressed, it is deformed but not broken

Define brittle response

The material breaks under stress. An example is when a potato chip snaps under pressure

What are two pieces of evidence that supports the idea of continental drift?

Mid-continental rifts and the presence of fossils in areas that don’t make sense for todays climate, like ocean based fossils on top of mountains.

What was the last true “super continent” where all current continental plate were one land mass?

Pangea

What type of movement occurs for a tsunami to occur?

Vertical movement

Which faultline is typically the cause of tsunami?

Thrust fault

Name two physical things that are expelled from a volcano during an eruption?

Pyroclasts and ash

How is a caldera formed?

Formed when the inner walls of a volcano collapse

How old is Earth

4.5 billion years

Who first discussed continental drift

Alfred Wegener

What phase is the inner core?

Solid

What phase is the outer core?

Liquid

Is wood or stone better to be under during an earthquake?

Wood

How is the Mercalli rating scale based?

Shaking/ damaged based

How is the Richter and Moment Magnitude scale based?

Seismograph based

About what percentage of volcanoes occur near the edges of tectonic plates?

90%

Tsunami events at a coastline

can start with the drawdown or rising of the sea

Most to least explosive volcano types

Plinian, Vulcanian, Strombolian, Hawaiian, Icelandic

Earthquake related tsunami are created by movement along

subduction zones

Magma becomes more viscous

Increase in mineral content, increase in silicon dioxide content

Magma becomes less viscous

Increase in temperature