biob34 mod 4

blastula (blastocyst)

sphere of undifferentiated cells forming shortly after initial cell division

gastrulation

invagination and differentiation into two to three cell layers; common to all metazoans except sponges

diploblastic

gastrulation forms two cell layers: endoderm and ectoderm; only one orifice

triploblastic

gastrulation forms three cell layers: endoderm mesoderm and ectoderm; mouths forms where archenteron meets ectoderm to permit unidirectional flow

cellulose

poly glucose molecule with beta-1,4 linkages; only degradable by symbiotic gut bacteria in some animals

inulin

poly fructose molecule; replaces starch in some plants; cannot be broken down by vertebrates; degradable by symbiotic gut microflora

cellular mediated carb absorption

basolateral na/k pump create na gradient from absorptive cell lumen; SGLT-1 cotransport na and glucose into cell / GLUT5 moves fructose inward down concentration gradient; GLUT2 transport glucose, galactose, fructose down concentration gradient to interstitial fluid

insulin

diabetic drug taken more often; quickly removed from circulation

ozempic

diabetic trug taken less often; remain in circulation for longer; encourages weight loss

wegovy

glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonist released by specialized intestinal epithelial cells in response to feeding; increase insulin production; quickly removed from circulation

agonist

chemical that activates receptors

post absorption processing

detoxifies toxins and pharmacological agents for easier excretion; decrease toxin/medicine activity

saliva

secreted by salivary glands, pH = 6.5; composed of amylase, bicarbonate

gastric juice

secreted by stomach; pH = 1.5; composed of pepsinogen, HCl, intrinsic factor, renin (infants)

pancreatic juice

secreted by pancreas, pH = 7; composed of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxylpeptidase, aminopeptidase, lipase, amylase, maltase, nuclease, bicarbonate

bile

secreted by gallbladder; pH = 7; composed of fats and fatty acids, bile salt and pigment, cholesterol

succus entericus

secreted by duodenum; pH = 7; composed of enterokinase, carboxylpeptidase, aminopeptitase, maltase, lactase, sucrase, lipase, nuclease