Nursing 2 Lab Exam 2

(T/F)

When lavaging a highly contaminated wound for initial removal of debris and contamination, the type of fluid is more important than the amount used.

False

What are the 3 intentions of healing?

1. First intention - wound edges are are brought together w/ sutures or staples. Minimal tissue loss/contamination so healing is fast with minimal granulation tissue and scarring

2. Second intention - wound is left open and heals on its own. It fills with granulation tissue, contracts, then epithelializes over the surface. Usually produces more scar tissue.

3. Third intention - wound is initially left open, usually because it is contaminated/infected or needs drainage, but is surgically closed later once the wound is clean and healthy

(T/F)

Orthopnea refers to a position assumed by animals to ease breathing

True

(T/F)

Animals with hypoxia caused by severe anemia can have normal pulse ox readings

True

(SPO2 measures hemoglobin percentage in available RBCs. Doesn’t matter how many RBCs there are)

What is the purpose of urethral collection in dogs and cats?

1. Analysis

2. Bacteriologic culture

3. Administer medications

4. Radiographic contrast media

What is the difference between Olsen-hagars and mayo-hegars?

Olsens have scissors and mayos do not

What is the difference between Rochester-pean and rochester-carmalts?

Peans have large, transversely grooved forceps used to clamp tissues and carmalts have a waffle pattern with longitudinal grooves and cross grooves at the tip for greater traction

What is the exposure time and temperature for autoclaving?

121 degrees Celsius or 250 degrees Fahrenheit for 20 minutes at a minimum

What are the 5 needle types and what are they used for?

1. Blunt - liver or friable tissue repair

2. Taper - soft tissue closure below skin surface

3. Spatula - ophthalmic SX

4. Cutting - skin, SQ, or sometimes ophthalmic

5. Reverse - skin, SQ, or retention sutures

What are the 5 layers of the abdomen sutured during SX?

1. Skin

2. SQ fat layer

3. Muscle layer

4. Fascia layer

5. Peritoneum

What are the 3 roles of suture during healing?

1. Enable tissues to be held together

2. Provide needed strength to the wound during healing

3. Allow good tissue approximation resulting in minimal scarring

What are the 5 absorbable sutures with trade names?

1. Chromic gut (Surgical gut/chromic gut)

2. Polyglycolic acid (Dexon)

3. Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl plus/vicryl/vicryl rapide)

4. Polydioxanone (PDS/PDS II)

5. Polyclyconate (Maxon)

What are the 5 non-absorbable sutures with trade names?

1. Silk (Perma-head/softsilk)

2. Polypropylene (Prolene/surgipro)

3. Nylon (Ehilon/dermalon)

4. Stainless steel (Ethisteel/flexon)

5. Polyester (Ethibond)

What is the rate of chest compressions in dogs and cats during CPR?

100-120BPM

What is the definition of cardiac arrest?

The cessation of any effective contraction suddenly in a heart that has been previously functioning normally

What are the 4 types of cardiac arrest?

1. Ventricular asystole - total loss of electrical activity in the ventricles (straight line on ECG with or without P waves)

2. Coarse ventricular fibrillation - totally uncoordinated sites of activation through the heart. ECG shows irregular wavy lines w/ no consistency in amplitude, width, or shape of deflections

3. Electromechanical dissociation (EMD) - electrical events not associated with/ muscular contraction, probably a resulting failure in calcium transport system. ECG may look normal, but no pulse present

4. Fine ventricular fibrillation - uncoordinated sites of activation through the heart. Harder to convert to a normal rhythm

What is periodontal disease?

Inflammation/infection of the tissues that support and surround the teeth

(T/F)

As animals age, the pulp cavity becomes smaller naturally due to production of secondary dentin

True

What teeth is the parallel technique mainly used for? How is it positioned?

• Used mainly for mandibular molars/premolars

• Easier to perform in the caudal mandible since anatomy allows proper sensor placement

• Sensor is parallel to long axis of tooth and beam is directed perpendicular to the tooth and sensor

• More anatomically accurate images

What is the bisecting angle technique used for and how is it positioned?

• Used for most maxillary teeth and mandibular incisors, canines, and some premolars

• Line is drawn that bisects the angle between the tooth axis and sensor and the beam is directed perpendicular to the bisecting angle

What is elongation vs foreshortening? Cone cutting?

1. Elongation - decrease angle (everything is long and drawn out)

2. Foreshortening - increase angle (everything looks short and stumpy)

3. Cone cutting - beam not centered on sensor

What does the P wave of an ECG represent?

Atrial depolarization

What does the QRS wave of an ECG represent?

Ventricular depolarization

What does the T wave of an ECG represent?

Ventricular depolarization

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A rhythm originating from the SA node with a normal conduction through the heart

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

The SA (sinoatrial) node

What is the proper speed used for an ECG?

25 or 50 mm/sec

What is the standard lead commonly used for monitoring rhythm in veterinary patients?

Lead II

What is a premature ventricular complex and what does it look like on ECG?

1. Premature electrical impulse originating in the ventricles rather than the SA node

2. Premature, wide and bizarre QRS complex usually w/ no P waves

What is an AV block?

Delayed or interrupted conduction of electrical impulses from the atria through the AV node to the ventricles

Crystalloids vs colloids

1. Crystalloids - solutions containing small molecules that move freely between the intravascular and interstitial spaces

• LRS, Norm-R, Plasma-Lyte, and 0.9% sodium chloride

2. Colloids - solutions containing larger molecules that remain in the vascular space longer and maintain oncotic pressure

• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), albumin products, and other plasma-derived products

• Provide greater intravascular volume expansion and remain in bloodstream longer

What are some things to monitor while administering fluid therapy?

1. Hydration status

2. BW

3. Urine output

4. HR and pulse

5. RR and effort

6. BP

7. Catheter

8. Fluid overload signs (edema, serous nasal discharge, increased lung sounds)

What are 3 different phases of wound healing?

1. Inflammatory phase - 0-3 days; hemostasis and inflammation

2. Proliferative phase - 3-21 days; granulation, angiogenesis occurs, wound contraction

3. Maturation/remodeling phase - collagen reorganizes and tensile strength increases

What is an incision vs laceration vs abrasion vs puncture vs avulsion?

1. Incision - clean cut made by sharp object

2. Laceration - irregular tear in tissues

3. Abrasion - superficial skin injury caused by friciton

4. Puncture - deep narrow wound from penetration

5. Avulsion - tissue town away from normal attachments