PSY 3100 Exam 2: Disorders, Suicide, and Treatments Study Guide | Quizlet

What is the relationship between obsessions and compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts that cause anxiety, while compulsions are behaviors performed to reduce that anxiety.

How is the cycle of OCD maintained through operant conditioning?

Compulsions are negatively reinforced by the temporary relief or reduction of anxiety caused by intrusive obsessions.

What are common types of obsessions seen in OCD?

Common obsessions include fears of contamination, fears of harming others, fears of losing control, and fears of making a mistake.

How is Hoarding Disorder distinguished from nostalgia keeping?

Nostalgia keeping involves emotional attachment, whereas hoarding is characterized by excessive accumulation of items, difficulty discarding them, and functional impairment.

What is Muscle Dysmorphia?

A subtype of body dysmorphic disorder, primarily affecting men, characterized by an obsession with muscularity and body image.

How do PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) differ regarding symptom onset and duration?

ASD symptoms occur within the first month (or three days to one month) following trauma, whereas PTSD symptoms persist for more than a month.

What are the four symptom clusters of PTSD?

Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity.

What neurobiological brain changes are linked to PTSD?

Alterations in the hippocampus and amygdala.

What defines Adjustment Disorder and its expected duration?

Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to identifiable stressors, with symptoms lasting less than six months.

Which executive functions are managed by the frontal lobe?

Decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation.

What is the primary difference between Major and Minor Neurocognitive Disorder?

Major disorder involves significant cognitive decline affecting independence, while minor disorder involves modest decline without impairment in daily functioning.

What biological changes characterize the etiology of Alzheimer's disease?

Hippocampal shrinkage, degeneration of language areas, and the presence of inflammation and amyloid plaques.

What is the diagnostic duration and core requirement for Major Depressive Disorder?

A two-week period of depressed mood or anhedonia, causing significant impairment in daily functioning.

How long must symptoms last for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder?

At least $2$ years, marked by chronic low mood and additional cognitive or somatic symptoms.

During which phase of the menstrual cycle do Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder symptoms occur, and how many symptoms are required?

Symptoms occur during the luteal phase, requiring at least $5$ symptoms for diagnosis.

What three components make up the Cognitive Triad in depression?

Negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.

How do SSRIs and SNRIs work to alleviate depressive symptoms?

By increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.

What distinguishes Bipolar I Disorder from Bipolar II Disorder?

Bipolar I requires at least one manic episode, while Bipolar II involves at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode.

What common mood stabilizer used for bipolar disorder requires regular blood monitoring?

Lithium.

What gender differences exist regarding suicidal behavior?

Men are more likely to complete suicide, while women are more likely to attempt suicide.

How are suicidal ideation, intent, and attempts differentiated?

Ideation is thinking about wanting to end one's life, intent is the desire to act on those thoughts, and attempts are actual efforts to end one's life.

What are the two subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa?

The restricting subtype and the binge-eating/purging subtype.

How does Bulimia Nervosa differ from Binge Eating Disorder?

Bulimia Nervosa involves cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory purging behaviors, whereas Binge Eating Disorder involves recurrent binges without compensatory behaviors.

What frequency and duration criteria define Insomnia?

Difficulty falling or staying asleep occurring at least $3$ times a week for at least $3$ months.

What core techniques are used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)?

Sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring.

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

A first-line behavioral therapy for OCD where individuals confront anxiety-inducing stimuli or obsessions (exposure) while actively refraining from performing compulsive rituals (response prevention), promoting extinction of the conditioned fear.

Trauma triggers strongly associated with PTSD and ASD

Exposure to actual, perceived, or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, with interpersonal trauma (such as assault or abuse) carrying the highest risk of diagnosis.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

An evidence-based trauma psychotherapy that pairs bilateral sensory stimulation (such as lateral eye movements) with the recall of distressing memories to facilitate cognitive reprocessing and reduce emotional distress.

Role of normative data in neuropsychological testing

Reference data collected from representative demographic peer groups (controlling for age, education, and culture) used to establish whether a patient's cognitive scores indicate clinically meaningful decline.

Memory impairment requirement in Neurocognitive Disorders

Memory loss is common but not strictly mandatory; deficits can primary involve other domains such as executive function, complex attention, language, or perceptual-motor abilities.

Anhedonia

The markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities previously found rewarding, representing one of the two core diagnostic symptoms required for Major Depressive Disorder.

Primary target of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression

Identifying, challenging, and modifying maladaptive automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions to establish more balanced, reality-based thinking patterns.

Monoamine hypothesis of depressive disorders

A biological model proposing that depressive symptoms stem from reduced availability or functional activity of key monoamine neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin and norepinephrine.

Differences between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode

Mania lasts at least $1$ week, causes marked functional impairment or hospitalization, and may include psychotic features; hypomania lasts at least $4$ consecutive days without severe functional impairment or psychosis.

Diagnostic requirement of major depressive episodes in Bipolar I Disorder

False; a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder strictly requires at least $1$ manic episode, whereas major depressive episodes commonly occur but are not required.

Safety contracts versus Safety Planning Interventions (SPI)

Traditional 'no-harm' safety contracts lack empirical evidence and do not reduce suicide attempts, whereas collaborative Safety Planning Interventions provide structured, accessible coping steps that effectively decrease suicidal behavior.

Primary diagnostic boundary between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa maintain significantly low body weight below minimally normal levels, whereas individuals with Bulimia Nervosa typically present at a normal weight or higher.

Sociocultural risk factors in the etiology of eating disorders

Internalization of the thin-body ideal perpetuated by mass media and family-level dynamics such as overt weight-related criticism, conflict, or high appearance pressures.

Clinical limitations of Body Mass Index (BMI)

It cannot distinguish between lean muscle tissue and adipose fat mass, fails to reflect anatomical fat distribution, and ignores individual variability across racial groups, biological sex, and frame sizes.

Conditioned arousal model of chronic insomnia

A behavioral etiology in which the bed and bedroom become conditioned stimuli paired with cognitive frustration, wakefulness, and performance anxiety rather than automatic sleep cues.