gr 10 chem quiz

types of reactions, acids + bases, pH scale

synthesis reaction

2 or more reactants combine to produce a new product

naming poly acids

-ate ions form -ic acids

-ite ions form -ous acids

decomposition reaction

compound breaks down into 2 or more simpler compounds/elements

single displacement

one element takes place of another element (usually the metal)

double displacement

cations of two different compounds exchange places forming two new compounds

exothermic reaction

energy releasing reactions

reactants → products + energy

endothermic reactions

energy absorbing reactions

reactants + energy → products

law of conservation of energy

energy can neither be created or destroyed

enenrgy can be converted from one form to another but the total amount of energy is constant

transfer of energy from one from to another is never 100% efficient

combustion

reaction of a substance with oxygen that produces an oxide and energy

enough oxygen → complete combustion, reaction will consume all the reactants

not enough oxygen → incomplete combustion

general equation for complete combustion

A + O₂ → AO_x + energy

hydrocarbon complete combustion equation

C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + energy

hydrocation incomplete combustion reaction equation

C_xH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + CO + C + energy

properties of acids

reacts with metals - produce hydrogen gas

reacts with carbonate - produce CO₂ gas

conduct electricity - acids break down into cations (H⁺) and anions in water

change colour of indicators - turns blue litmus paper red

neutralize bases - acid + base → water + a salt

taste sour

why are acids aquious

it only shows its acidic properties when it is dissolved in water

all acids release what when dissolved in water?

H⁺ or H₃O⁺ (hydronium)

binary acids

contain only two elements - hydrogen and an anion

hydrofluoric acid

HF

etching glass

hydrochloric acid

HCl

cleaning concrete

hydrobromic acid

HBr

to make cleaning compounds

hydrosulfuric acid

H₂S

purifying metals

poly acids

hydrogen combines with a polyatomic ion

nitric acid

HNO₃

making explosives and fertilizers

carbonic acid

H₂CO₃

carbonated beverages

sulfuric acid

H₂SO₄

making paint, plastics, fertilizers, dehydrating agent

phosphoric acid

H₃PO₄

making fertilizers and detergents

cloric acid

HClO₃

manufacturer leather, PVC pipes, vinyl flooring, food additive

sulfurous acid

H₂SO₃

disinfectant

nitrous acid

HNO₂

manufacture dyes in foods and textiles

acetic acid

CH₃COOH

C₂H₄O_2`

making cellulose acetate used in fibers and films, cleaning, pickling

acetylsalicylic acid

ASA

aspirin

willow tree bark

ascorbic acid

vitamin C

lactic acid

causes muscle pain

in spoiled milk

due to incomplete combustion during anaerobic excersice

citric acid

pop, candies, fruits

properties of bases

conduct electricity

change colour of indicators blue

feel slippery

taste bitter

many bases are ionic compounds containing hydroxide (OH^-) or CO₃ ions

sodium hydroxide

NaOH

making paper

calcium hydroxide

CaOH₂

decreasing the acidity of lakes and soil

ammonium hydroxide

NH₄OH

window cleaner

magnesium hydroxide

Mg(OH)₂

antacids

aluminum hydroxide

Al(OH)₂

heartburn medications

sodium hydrogen carbonate

baking soda

NaHCO₃

making baked goods rise, abrasive cleaner

calcium carbonate

CaCO₃

acid-base indicator

substances that change colours depending on the acidity or alkalinity/basicity of the solution

bromothymol blue

acid - yellow

base - blue

phenolphthalein

acid - clear

base - pink

phenol red

acid - red

base - yellow-bright pink

litmus paper

acid - red

base - blue

methyl orange

acid - red

base - yellow-greenish yellow

boric acid

H₃BO₃

washing eyes

neutralization reactions

chemical reaction in which acids and bases react to form a neutral solution (salt) and water

resulting pH is 7

what happens when acids and bases are mixed

H⁺ in acid and OH^- in base to form water

pH of around 7

products of neutralization reactions

double displacement reaction

applications of neutralization reactions

lake reclamation - calcium oxide is added to river to neutralize acids

antacids

pH measures…

concentration of acid or base

concentration is measured in mol/litre or molar

1 mol → 6.02×10²³ particles - avogadros number

oxide

compound that consists of an element combined with oxygen only

non mental oxides react with water to produce acid

metal oxides react with water to produce bases

pH

measure or how acidic a solution is by measuring the concentration of H⁺

pH scale

numerical of all thepossible numerical values of pH from 1-14

pH 7 is neutral

below 7 is acidic

above 7 is basic or alkaline

value of pH

logarhythmic scale

decrease of 1 pH represents multiplying concentration of H⁺ ions by 10x

pH and soil

legumes grow best in slightly basic soil - 7-10

corn in 5-6

potatoes below pH 5

addition of compost or aluminum sulfate makes soil more acidic

pH can be raised by mixing in calcium oxide (lime)

toxins in soil

soil in Canada can be contaminated

acid leaching - remove the soil then dissolve acid and washed - very expensive and bad for ecosystem

phytoremediation - plants absorb metal from soil, later plants are harvested and burned and metals and recycled from ashes

consumer products and pH

skin care pH is neutral

cleaning products - high concentration of hydroxide → corrosive → needs HHPS

swimming pool pH

pH should be 7.2-7.8

too low → eye irritation

too high → eye irritation, cloudy, chlorine loses effectiveness

why do acidic and basic solutions conduct electricity

separate into free moving ions that can carry an electrical current

oxyacids

acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element

activation energy

energy needed to start a chemical reaction