Lower Joints

Sacroiliac: bony landmarks

• Ilium of the pelvis

• sacrum of vertebral column.

Sacroiliac: joint types

Gliding

Sacroiliac: movements

• gliding/ rotational movements 

• Transmit force to vertebral column 

Acetabulofemoral: bony landmarks

• acetabulum 

• head of femur

Acetabulofemoral: joint types

Ball & Socket

Actebulofemoral: movements

S - flexion & extension

F- abduction & adduction

T- internal & external rotation

Tibiofemoral: bony landmarks

• medial & lateral condyles of the femur 

• tibial plateau.

Tibiofemoral: joint types

Hinge (modified)

Tibiofemoral: movements

flexion & extension

*it will allow some medial & lateral rotation when flexed

Talocrural: bony landmarks

• ankle mortise (distal tibia and fibula) 

• dome of talus

Talocrural: joint types

Hinge (mortise)

Talocrural: movements

S: Plantar flexion & Dorsiflexion

Subtalar: bony landmarks

• inferior talus

• superior calcaneus

Subtalar: joint types

Gliding

Subtalar: movements

Inversion & Eversion

Intertarsal: bony landmarks

Tarsals and Metatarsals

Intertarsal: joint types

Gliding

Intertarsal: movements

minimal movement

Tarsometatarsal: bony landmarks

Tarsals and Metatarsals

Tarsometatarsal: joint types

Gliding

Tarsometatarsal: movements

minimal movement

Metatsrdophalangeal: bony landmarks

• metatarsals 

•  phalanges

Metatsrdophalangeal: joint types

Condyloid

Metatsrdophalangeal: movements

Sagittal- Flexion & Extension

Transverse- Abduction & Adduction

Proximal interphalangeal: bony landmarks

• proximal and middle phalanges.

Proximal interphalangeal: joint types

Hinge

Proximal interphalangeal: movements

Flexion & Extension

Distal interphalangeal: bony landmarks

Articulation between middle and distal phalanges.

Distal interphalangeal: joint types

Hinge

Distal interphalangeal: movements

Flexion & Extension