heart and valve failures

pericardial effusion

accumulation of blood/fluid between visceral and parietal pericardium.

cardiac tamponade

a life-threatening medical emergency where excess fluid or blood builds up in the sac surrounding the heart, compressing the chambers and preventing them from filling properly

cardiac output

volume of blood pumped through the body in one minute

preload

stretch on the heart muscle right before it contracts from the volume of blood filling the ventricles

afterload

resistance heart must fight against to open the valve and pump blood

contractility

intrinsic muscle strength and force of the heart’s condition

Frank-Starling’s Law

increased preload —> increased stretch —> increased force of contraction (to a point)

heart failure

pathophysiologic state where an abnormality in cardiac structure or function leads to the failure of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body’s oxygen requirements.

body

if left right ventricular pumping impairs —> backs up into right atrium —> backs up into ___

lungs

if left ventricular pumping impaired —> back up into left atrium —> back up into __

causes of HF

disease that impair cardiac function, atherosclerotic disease, dissection, spasm, cardiomyopathoes, left ventricular hypertrophy, aortic/stenosis/regurgitation, mitral stenosis/regurgitation, tachycardia, bradycardia

hypertrophy

abnormal thickening of the myocytes of the heart; increase in size, not enough myocytes —> contractile proteins become less efficient, fibroblasts activated —> fibrous scar tissue

ejection fraction

percentage of blood volume pumped out of the left ventricle each beat

systolic dysfunction

inability to effectively contract and pump blood OUT. Decreased CO —> RAAS and SNS activation —> increase preload and afterload.

diastolic dysfunction

inability to effetcively relax and let blood IN. decreased ventricular filling —> RAAS and SNS activation —> increased preload

right sided heart failure

reduced right ventricular output —> back up of blood into the right atrium and then back to the body

left sided heart failure

reduced left ventricular output —> back up of blood into the left atrium and then into the lungs

infective endocarditis

inflammation of the inside lining of the heart because of infection. endocardial damage + inflammation —> thrombus formation —> introduce blood stream infection —> bacteria/germ adheres to sticky clots —> vegetations —> possible embolus

stenotic valve

narrowing causes turbulent blood flow and increased resistance to flow (increased afterload)

mitral valve stenosis

stiffness of the mitral valve and fusion of the leaflets; less blood in the ventricle, more remains in the atria —> increased resistance to left atrium —> dilated

mitral valve prolapse

floppy mitral valve that flips into the atrium during systole—>Valve leaflets balloon upwards as the ventricle contracts → can lead to excess back flow of blood into the atrium/regurgitation

murmur

in all valve disorders, you will hear a __

shock

failure of the heart to perfuse the tissues adequately. not enough oxygen —> convert to anaerobic metabolism —> tissue damage and dysfunction

hypovolemic shock

massive blood loss leading to decreased tissue perfusion and anaerobic metabolism

cardiogenic shock

heart unable to complete adequate tissue perfusion leading to anaerobic metabolism

septic shock

bloodstream infection can lead to very strong inflammatory responses —> vasodilation