Intro to RAD exam 4

Disease

any deviation form or interruption of the normal structure/function of a body part, organ, or system

infection

establishment & growth of a microorganism on or in a host, resulting in injury to the host; caused by pathogenic microorganism

pathogens have three (3) functions

multiply in large numbers & cause an obstruction; cause tissue damage; secrete organic substances called exotoxins

exotoxins caused side effects

high temps, nausea, vomiting, seizures

the six (6) stages of infectious disease development in order?

encounter; entry; spread; multiplication; damage; outcome

four factors that make up the chain of infection?

host, infectious microorganism, mode of transmission, and reservoir

the four infectious agents

bacteria, viruses, fungi, & parasitic protozoa

what is a reservoir?

a place where an infectious organism can survive and from which it can spread

what happens during encounter?

the infectious organism comes into contact with the host

what happens during entry?

the organism gains access through a portal of entry (nose, mouth, eye, wound)

a microbe attaches to a surface & releases toxins without crossing the epithelial barrier. what type of entry is that?

ingression

a microbe crosses the epithelial barrier through a cut. what type of entry is that?

penetration

what is the difference between spread & multiplication?

spread MOVES microbes to other sites; multiplication INCREASES their numbers

what is the incubation period?

the interval before the infection becomes apparent

how can the host’s response contribute to tissue damage?

inflammation & immune responses can damage host tissue

what are 3 possible outcomes after exposure to an infectious agent?

the host clears the agent, develops disease, or coexists with it

what is colonization?

the presence of microbes without disease

what distinguishes infectious disease from colonization?

infectious disease involves harm to the host

what kind of cells are bacteria?

single celled prokaryotes

what shape are cocci?

round or spherical

what shape are bacilli ?

rod shaped

what technique helps classify bacteria by their staining reaction?

gram staining

what is bacterial endospore?

a dormant, resistant survival form produced by certain bacteria

are viruses cells?

viruses are acellular infectious agents

what kind of genetic material does a virus carry?

DNA or RNA

what is a viral capsid?

the protein coat surrounding the viral genome

what is a virion?

a complete virus particle

why does a virus need a living host cell?

it uses the host cell’s machinery to replicate

what does dimorphic mean for fungi?

able to grow in two forms, such as yeast & mold

what are the 4 categories of fungal infection?

superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, & systemic

what kind of cells are protozoa?

single celled eukaryotes

what is a protozoan cyst?

a protective stage that can help some protozoa survive outside a host

what are two (2) protozoan infections?

malaria & trichomoniasis

a contaminated X-ray image receptor is called a what?

fomite

a mosquito that transmits malaria is called what?

vector

a patients own skin bacteria enters a wound. is this endogenous or exogenous?

endogenous

a microorganism comes from a contaminated object outside the body. is this endogenous or exogenous?

exogenous

what is healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

an infection acquired in connection with healthcare

what does nosocomial mean?

acquired in a hospital

what does iatrogenic mean?

caused by a healthcare intervention

a UTI is linked to a foley catheter placed during hospital stay, what three (3) infection lables can apply?

what are four (4) possible sources of HAI's?

healthcare personnel, patient flora, contaminated equipment or surroundings, & invasive devices

what organ does HBV primarily affect?

the liver

which immune cells does HIV target?

CD4 T cells

is intact skin a mechanical, chemical, or cellular defense?

mechanical

is stomach acid a mechanical, chemical or cellular defense?

chemical

what do phagocytes do?

engulf foreign particles & microbes as part of cellular defense

how can normal flora help protect the host?

they compete with pathogens for space & resources

what kind of immunity does vaccination stimulate?

active immunity

what is the difference between bacteriostatic & bactericidal?

bacteriostatic inhibits bacterial growth; bactericidal kills susceptible bacteria

what is the goal of medical asepsis?

reduce the number & spread of microorganisms

what is the goal of surgical asepsis?

maintain sterility & prevent contamination

where are disinfectants & antiseptics used?

disinfectants are used on objects; antiseptics are used on living tissue

which process eliminates viable microorganisms, including bacterial endospores?

sterilization

what does an autoclave use?

steam under pressure

what does pasteurization do?

it reduces microbes without sterilizing the product

who recieves standard precautions?

every patient

how do transmission-based precautions relate to standard precautions?

they are added to standard precautions when indicated

when should hand hygine occur relative to putting on & removing gloves?

before putting gloves on & after removing gloves

where do sharps go?

in a designated puncture-resistant sharps container

what is the difference between direct & indirect contact transmission?

direct contact involves touching the person; indirect contact involves touching a contaminated object

which precautions pair with gown & gloves?

contact precautions

which precautions pair with a medical mask?

droplet precautions

which precautions pair with a negative-pressure room & repiratory protection for staff?

airborne precautions

which precautions are used for pulmonary TB?

airborne precautions

which precautions are used for rubella?

droplet precautions

which precautions are used for rubeola (measles) in the guide?

airborne precautions

which two transmission-based precautions are used for chickenpox?

airborne & contact precautions

which precaution category is associated with MRSA & C. difficile in the guide?

contact precautions

why does the assistant avoid touching the outside of the cassette bag during a portable x-ray?

the outside may be contaminated, the handoff keeps that surface away from the clean cassette

what is the main purpose of aseptic technique?

protect the patient from infection & prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms

what does sterile mean?

free of living microorganisms

what is a sterile field?

an area considered free of viable microorganisms that can receive sterile supplies

what is the difference between surgical & medical asepsis?

surgical uses sterile technique; medical reduces microorganisms & their spread

what is the difference between cleaning, sanitizing, & disinfecting?

cleaning removes dirt; sanitizing reduces microbial numbers to safe levels; & disinfecting removes most microorganisms, with highly resistant forms potentially remaining

which imaging procedures can require sterile technique?

angiography, arthrography, hysterosalpingography, myelography, & biopsies

what does pyelography examine?

the spinal canal, spinal cord, & nerve roots using an injected contrast agent & x-rays

what is fenestrated drape?

a drape with an opening that exposes the procedure site

what does subungual mean?

beneath a fingernail or toenail

what is purulent drainage?

drainage containing pus

what is serous drainage?

thin, watery, usually clear or pale-yellow fluid

how do you apply alcohol based hand sanitizer?

apply to one palm, rub hands together, & cover all hand & finger surfaces until dry

before opening a sterile package you should inspect what?

package integrity, cleanliness, dryness, evidence of prior opening, & expiration date

a sterile package is damp or has water stains, how should it be handled?

as unsterile

a sterile package has a tear or has already been opened, how should it be treated?

as unsterile

what is the opening order for a wrapped sterile package on a table?

open the far flap away from you, the side flaps, & then the near flap towards you

why is the far flap opened first?

it allows the wrapper to open while reducing the need to reach across sterile contents

what part of a sterile package margin is considered unsterile?

the outer 1-inch boarder

a sleeve touches the inside of a sterile wrapper, what does that mean for the pack & contents?

considered unsterile & must be replaced

how far above the sterile field are supplies dropped from a held package?

approximately 6 inches, gently & at a slight angle

should an unsterile person reach across a sterile field?

no, it can contaminate it

should sterile supplies be flipped onto a sterile field?

no, add them gently using proper technique

an opened sterile field is left unattended, how is it treated?

as contaminated

sterile supplies fall below waist level, how is it treated?

as contaminated

why should a sterile field be established clost to the time of use?

to limit exposure & opportunities for contamination

what should you do if you doubt an item’s sterility?

treat it as unsterile

can a person wearing sterile gloves touch an unsterile object & remain sterile?

no, contact contaminates the glove

why must sterile materials stay dry?

moisture can allow microorganisms to move through the material

fluid soaks through a drape from a nonsterile surface, what happened?

the sterile barrier has been compromised by moisture

when pouring sterile solution, which parts of the bottle are treated as contaminated?

the outside of the bottle