MTLE-CM Medical Laboratory Science Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards for the MTLE-CM Medical Laboratory Science exam revision, covering urinalysis, body fluids, laboratory safety, and clinical microscopy.

What are the three essential components required for the chain of infection to occur?

A continuous link between a source, a mode of transmission, and a susceptible host.

What is the minimum duration for scrubbing during the handwashing procedure to effectively loosen debris?

At least $15$ (or $20$) seconds.

What is the composition and preparation of a $1:10$ dilution of sodium hypochlorite for disinfecting countertops and spills?

It is prepared by adding $1$ part sodium hypochlorite to $9$ parts water and is effective for $1$ month.

What method is used to dispose of sharp objects such as needles and lancets?

They must be disposed of in red, puncture-resistant containers.

What is the first aid procedure for chemical spills on the skin or eyes?

Flush the area with large amounts of water for at least $15$ minutes.

In the NFPA Hazardous Materials Classification system, what does the MNEMONIC 'You Were Born Right' stand for?

Yellow (Reactivity), White (Specific), Blue (Health), and Red (Fire), starting from the rightmost quadrant.

What do the numbers $0$ to $4$ represent in the NFPA hazard index?

$0$ = No/Minimal Hazard, $1$ = Slight Hazard, $2$ = Moderate Hazard, $3$ = Serious Hazard, and $4$ = Extreme/Severe Hazard.

What does the MNEMONIC 'RACE' stand for when a fire is discovered?

Rescue anyone in danger, Activate the fire alarm, Contain the fire by closing doors, and Extinguish or Evacuate.

What are the three routes of infection listed in the clinical laboratory safety notes?

Inhalation, ingestion, and direct inoculation or skin contact.

What is the total kidney weights and measurements according to the notes?

The kidney weighs approximately $150//g$ and measures $12.5//cm \times 6//cm \times 2.5//cm$.

What is the total Renal Blood Flow (RBF) and the total Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)?

Total Renal Blood Flow is $1200//mL/min$ and Total Renal Plasma Flow is $600$ to $700//mL/min$.

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

$160$–$180//mg/dL$.

Which hormone regulates water reabsorption in the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct (CD)?

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.

What is the 'Gold Standard' or reference method for testing glomerular filtration rate?

The Inulin clearance test ($MW: 5,200//Da$).

What are the normal values for creatinine clearance in males and females?

Male: $107$–$139//mL/min$; Female: $87$–$107//mL/min$.

What is the primary organic component and the principal inorganic salt found in urine?

The major organic component is Urea and the principal inorganic salt is $NaCl$ (Sodium chloride).

What are the temperature and volume requirements for a valid drug testing urine specimen if checked within $4$ minutes of collection?

Volume: $30$–$45//mL$; Temperature: $32.5$–$37.7^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Which urine preservative is the 'preservative of choice' for the Addis count?

Formalin (formaldehyde).

What is the definition of oliguria in adults according to Henry and Strasinger?

Henry: <$500//mL/24//hrs$; Strasinger: <$400//mL/day$.

Which urine pigment is responsible for the pink or red color sometimes seen in amorphous urates?

Uroerythrin.

Define the terms Isosthenuria, Hyposthenuria, and Hypersthenuria in relation to Specific Gravity (S.G.).

Isosthenuria: S.G. = $1.010$; Hyposthenuria: S.G. < $1.010$; Hypersthenuria: S.G. > $1.010$.

What is the chemical principle behind the reagent strip test for pH?

The Double Indicator System (Methyl Red for pH $4.0$–$6.0$ and Bromthymol Blue for pH $6.0$–$9.0$).

What is the clinical significance of Bence-Jones protein and how is it tested in urine?

It is associated with Multiple Myeloma; it precipitates at $40$–$60^{\circ}\text{C}$ and dissolves at $100^{\circ}\text{C}$.

What is the 'Pass-through phenomenon' in the Clinitest procedure?

Occurs when >$2//g/dL$ sugar is present; the color changes from blue through red and back to green-brown due to re-oxidation of cuprous oxide.

Differentiate between Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and Myoglobinuria based on urine appearance and microscopic findings.

Hematuria: Cloudy red urine with intact RBCs; Hemoglobinuria: Clear red urine with no RBCs and red plasma; Myoglobinuria: Clear red/brown urine with no RBCs and pale yellow plasma.

What is the reagent used in the Watson-Schwartz test to differentiate urobilinogen from porphobilinogen?

Extraction with organic solvents Chloroform and Butanol.

What is the significance of Glitter cells, and how do they appear under Sternheimer-Malbin stain?

They are neutrophils in hypotonic urine with granules showing Brownian movement; they stain pale blue.

Identify the 'Maltese cross' formation seen under a polarizing microscope in urine sediment.

Starch granules, Oval fat bodies, Fatty casts, and Fat droplets.

What are the three characteristic microscopic findings associated with Bronchial Asthma (the '3 C's')?

Curschmann’s spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals, and Creola bodies.

What are the normal values for the Sweat Test in the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)?

Diagnostic: >$70//mEq/L$; Borderline: $40//mEq/L$.

How is the total CSF volume distributed between adults and neonates?

Adults: $90$–$150//mL$; Neonates: $10$–$60//mL$.

Describe the distribution of blood and supernatant appearance in a Traumatic Tap versus an Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Traumatic Tap: Uneven distribution (Tube $1>2>3$) and clear supernatant; Intracranial Hemorrhage: Even distribution ($1=2=3$) and xanthochromic supernatant.

What does the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) test detect and what is the positive result?

It detects Gram-negative endotoxin; the positive result is clumping or clot formation.

Define the semen terminologies Aspermia, Azoospermia, and Oligozoospermia.

Aspermia: No semen or ejaculate; Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa; Oligozoospermia: Decreased sperm concentration.

What are the two specific biochemical tests Used to detect semen in medico-legal cases?

Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Glycoprotein p30 (PSA).

What is the Ropes or Mucin Clot test used to assess in synovial fluid?

The polymerization of hyaluronic acid; a solid clot is graded as 'Good'.

Differentiate between a Transudate and an Exudate based on the Fluid:Serum Protein Ratio.

Transudate: Ratio < $0.5$; Exudate: Ratio > $0.5$.

What is the clinical significance of fecal 'Rice watery' stools and 'Pea-soup' stools?

Rice watery: Cholera; Pea-soup: Typhoid.

What is the purpose of the Apt-Downey test?

To differentiate fetal blood (HbF, alkali resistant, stays pink) from maternal blood (HbA, denatured by NaOH, turns yellow-brown).