European Exploration IB History SL

Prince Henry the Navigator

Initiator of Portuguese exploration efforts.

Bartolomeu Dias

First European to sail around the southern tip of Africa.

Vasco da Gama

First to reach India by sea, opening a new sea route for trade.

Requerimiento

A declaration of sovereignty over natives and land by Spanish conquerors.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers and conquerors, such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain, part of the highest social class in Spanish America.

Creoles

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Encomienda

A labor system granting Spanish settlers land and the right to demand labor from Native Americans.

Mita

Inca labor system adapted by the Spanish for forced labor.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of biological and cultural elements between the Old and New Worlds.

Battle of Acoma

1599 battle resulting in the suppression of the Pueblo peoples by Spanish forces.

Pope's Rebellion

A Pueblo uprising in 1680 that temporarily expelled the Spanish from New Mexico.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Papal decree (1494) that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Black Legend

A narrative highlighting the Spanish atrocities against indigenous populations, often used by rival nations.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement established in 1607 in Virginia.

Pilgrims

English settlers who founded the Massachusetts colony in 1620.

King Philip's War

A conflict from 1675 to 1676 between Native Americans and English settlers in New England.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who founded Quebec and established alliances with Native American tribes.

Dutch West India Company

The trading company that founded New Amsterdam, located on the Hudson River.

Ferdinand Magellan

Led first circumnavigation (1519)

Key Advantages of Spain

Superior Weaponry, Epidemics, Alliances, Lucky Timing

Vasco Núñez Balboa

Pacific Ocean covered by this explorer

Hernando de Soto

Southeast U.S covered by this explorer

Audiencias

Justice system

Consequences of Gold and Silver

Silver became world currency, global trade, and devastation of idigenous populations.

Elizabeth I’s era goals

spread Protestantism and gain wealth

Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

England gained naval dominance. Joint-stock companies financed ventures.