How Animals Migrate (98-103) [incomplete]

What bird in the late 1800s was reported to migrate in large flocks and blocked out the sun?

The passenger Pigeon

What is the scientific name for the passenger pigeon?

Ectopistes migratorius

What is the status of the passenger pigeon today?

Its extinct. :(

How do insects display similar migration habits to the passenger pigeon?

They both gathering large swarms to migrate

How large are the groups insects gather in to migrate?

Swarms of millions

How far do insects migrate?

Hundreds of miles

What advantage do air migrators have over land migrators?

They face fewer barriers

How are air migrators disadvantaged compared to land migrators?

They are more dependent on weather conditions and need to balanced energy storage with keeping their bodies light

What is the relationship between body weight and energy storage for energy migrators?

It must be balanced t be light and streamlined but also storing enough energy to complete the journey

What do air migrators use to move faster?

Air currents

Insects with extremely long trips do what ?

Break their trips up over the year across multiple generations

What bird travels nonstop across the Gulf of Mexico between Florida and Central AMerica?

The ruby-throated hummingbird

How long in terms of time is the flight that the Ruby-throated hummingbird takes across the Gulf of Mexico?

20 hours

How far does the read-throated hummingbird travel between FLorida and Central America?

500 miles

Hummingbirds have extremely __________ __________ that require them to ________ frequently to maintain homeostasis

Fast metabolism; feed

Before their journey across the Gulf of mexico the ruby throated hummingbird do what?

They double their mass by storing fat

What allows the ruby-throated hummingbird to have enough energy to complete their migraiton across the Gulf of mexico?

Doubling their mass before their trip and storing excess energy

Does the Hummingbirds journey end when they reach Central America?

No they simply replenish their fat stores and keep going

The process by which the ruby-throated hummingbird travels across the Gulf of mexico instinctual or learned?

Instinctual

What does the red-throated hummingbird rely on to trigger their migration?

Changes in daylight

What feature have red-throated hummingbirds evolved to help them migrate?

Internal biological rhythms

What do the ruby-throated hummingbirds internal rhythms allow?

Them to move where flowers are at their peak blooming cycle

Moving to locations with peak flower blooming allows red-throated hummingbirds to take advantage of what?

Nectar and increased insect populations

Hummingbirds are similar to bees in what way?

They are both beneficial pollinators necessary for maintaining wildflowers across the Americas

What insects are common examples of long distance insect migration?

Moths, butterflies and dragonflies

Insects in what subfamily commonly migrate?>

Hemiptera

How do insects make their long migratory journeys>?

Coasting on air currents

What is an example of a long distance insect migratory?

The desert locust

what is the scientific name of the desert locust?

Schistocerca gregaria

How does the desert locust migrate?

IN large swarms

What causes Desert Locus migration?

Overcrowding and competition increases

What causes locusts bodies to change shape and color?

Constant bumping against each other which change their physiology via hormones

The change of shape and color of desert locusts has what function?

Produces pheromones which attract more locusts

Hormones as result of bumping into each other in overcrowded situations prepare desert locusts for what type of behavior?

Swearming migratory behavior

Do desert locusts live in solitude?

While they are in a stable location yes, but when resources deplete they migrate in swarms

Do desert locusts break up their migration?:

No they travel nonstop

What side effect of desert locust migration can further increase the stability of their destination?

A reduction in population as a result of predation while migrating

Desert Locusts migration is _________ and depends on what conditions?

Seasonal; weather

Locusts can travel how far in search of food

Thousands of miles

Do locusts have to migrate?

No, it depends on the availability of food that year.

What year is notable for being one of the longest known continuous insect migrations?

1988

Dedsert locusts migrated over what ocean in 1988?

Atlantic Ocean

What currents did Desert Locusts ride over the Atlantic Ocean in 1988?

Tropical wind currents

Desert Locusts can be considered what type of migrators? facultative or obligate?

Facultative because they don't need to migrate they only do if food availability and weather conditions deems it needed

The Canada Goose is a common migratory sight where?

Much of the UNited States

What is the scientific name of the Canada GOose?>

Branta canadensis

Canada geese migrate at what frequency?

Seasonally

Why do Canada geese migrate?

TO avoid cold weather from Northern Canada,

When do Canada Geese migrate?

Late fall and early spring

What shape do Canada Geese from when migrating?

A V-Shaped formation

The V-shape formation used by Canada Geese is thought to be what?

An aerodynamic strategy for traveling long distances

Why is a V shaped formation aerodynamic?

The birds time their flapping using air currents from birds in front and behind them

Why have some Canada geese stopped migrating?

Human alterations of the environment

Why might Canada geese stay put?

They find enough food in urban areas with little competition

How do HIREC affect the cause Canada Geese had for migration and reduce migration?

They warm temperatures and reduce the likelihood that cold weather cues trigger migration behavior

Resident geese who don't migrate can grow their populations quickly especially if what?

There aren't large enough predators to hunt them

Resident Canadian geese are described as what?>

Aggressive and territorial

When are resident geese especially aggressive and territorial?

When incubating their eggs

Canadian’s geese aggressiveness and territoriality do what to native populations>?

Drive out native species

Why can Canadian Geese be disruptive?

They can disrupt the ecosystem they congregate

What tplants to Canadian goose graze?

Wetland plants

What does overgrazing of Canadian Geese leasd to?

Erosion

When Canadian Geese decide not to migrate what occurs?

Resources don't recover and the local ecosystem can be harmed by overgrazing of wetland plants and erosion