pancreatic hormones, anti diabetic drugs, and glucagon

mechanism of action for regular insulin

activate insulin receptor

clinical applications for regular insulin

type 1 and type 2 diabetes

types of rapid acting insulin

lispro, aspart, glulisine

intermediate insulin

NPH

Long acting insulin types

deter, glargine, and degludec

metformin drug class

biguanide

mechanism of action for metformin

decreased endogenous glucose production

clinical application for metformin

type 2 diabetes

glipizide subclass

insulin secretagogues

glyburide and glimepiride subclass

insulin secretagogues, sulfonyl urea drugs with intermediate duration of action

mechanism of action for glipizide

increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP- sensitive K+ channels

clinical application of glipizide

type 2 diabetes

chlorpropamide and tolbutamide subclass

older sulfonylurea drugs

issues with chlorpropamide and tolbutamide

they are less potent, have greater toxicity, and are rarely used now

repaglinide and nateglinide subclass

fast-acting insulin secretagogues

acarbose and miglitol subclass

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

mechanism of action of acarbose and miglitol

inhibit intestinal alpha-glucosidases

clinical application of acarbose

type 2 diabetes

rosiglitazone subclass

thiazolidinediones

pioglitazone subclass

thiazolidinediones

benefits of pioglitazone compared to rosiglitazone

possibly fewer cardiovascular side effects

exenatide subclass

incretin-based drugs

exenatide mechanism of action

analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 and activates GLP-1 receptors

clinical application of exenatide

type 2 diabetes

drugs similar to exenatide

liraglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide

incretin-based GLP-1 receptor activator oral formulation

semaglutide

sitagliptin subclass

incretin-based drugs

sitagliptin mechanism of action

inhibition of the dipeptiyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) that degrades GLP-1 and other incretins

subclass of saxagliptins, linagliptin, alogliptin, and vidagliptin

similar to sitagliptin, incretin-based drugs

pramlintide subclass

amylin analog

mechanism of action of pramlitide

analog of amylin and activates amylin receptors

clinical application of amylin

type 1 and type 2 diabetes

mechanism of action of glucagon

activates glucagon receptorsclin

clinical application of glucagon

severe hypoglycemia and beta-blocker overdose

canagliflozin subclass

SGLT2 inhibitors

mechanism of action of canagliflozin

inhibit renal glucose absorption via SGLT2

other SGLT2 inhibitors (aside from canagliflozin)

dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertuglifozin