Unit 2 Research and Data Terms

_______ are measures/behaviors for which all participants have the same value, _______ are measures/behaviors for which the set of participants have at least two different values.

constants, variables

_______ variables are those for which different values indicate different kinds and _______ variables are those for which different values indicate different amounts

qualitative, quantitative

_______ statistics involve summaries of a single variable, _______ statistics summarize the relationship between two variables

univariate, bivariate

The mean, standard deviation and skewness are _______ statistics, correlation, Chi-square and ANOVA are _______ statistics.

univariate, bivariate

The mean describes the _______ of the distribution, the standard deviation its _______ and the skewness its _______

center, variability, shape

The _______ is the balancing point of the distribution, the _______ has 50% of the scores above and below it, and the _______ is the most common score.

mean, median, mode

The _______ is the average value, the _______ is the middlemost value and the _______ is the most common value.

mean, median, mode

The _______ can be used with both quantitative and qualitative variables, while the _______ and the _______ can only be used with quantitative variables.

mode, median, mean

The _______ measures the spread of scores around the mean, the _______ measures the extent of asymmetry of the distribution.

standard deviation, standard error of the mean

The _______ estimates the variability of scores around the population mean, the _______ estimates the variability of

repeated estimates of population mean around the population mean

standard deviation, standard error of the mean

Accuracy with which sample means represent the population mean is estimated by the _______, which is calculated from the ______ and the sample size.

standard error of the mean, standard deviation

A Type _______ error or a _______ is a statistical decision error made when you mistakenly decide the variables are related in the target population, when you mistakenly conclude the variables aren't related in the target population the type of statistical error is called a Type _______ error or a _______, when you correctly conclude the variables are related in the target population but get the direction or pattern of that relationship wrong the type of statistical error is called a Type _______ error or a _______.

I, false alarm, II, miss, III, misspecification

Type _______ and Type _______ errors may be the result of poor sampling, poor measurement or sampling variability, Type _______ errors may be the result of these things and/or having a too-small sample.

I III, II

If the H0: is true in the population a p less than .05 will lead you to make a Type _______ error or a _______, and a p> .05 will lead you to make a _______

I, false alarm, correct retention

If the H0: is false in the population a p less than .05 will lead you to make a _______ or a Type _______ error (which is also called a _______), and a p greater than .05 will lead you to make a Type _______ error (which is also called a _______)

correct rejection, Type I, false alarm, Type II, miss

_______ groups comparisons involve different participants in each IV condition, while _______ groups comparisons include the same

participants in all IV conditions

between, within

_______ groups ANOVA is used for a cross-sectional design, while _______ groups ANOVA is used for a longitudinal or repeated-measures design.

between, within

The _______ of r tells the direction of the linear relationship while the _______ of r tells the strength of the linear relationship.

sign, size

The _______ of r is the "effect size" and the _______ of r is the "effect direction".

size, sign

The _______ of r is related to whether or not the correlation is significant, the _______ of r is not.

size, sign

A scatterplot can be used to decide if two quantitative variables have a _______ relationship that can be represented by a correlation of if the two quantitative variables have a _______ relationship.

linear, nonlinear

Performing a correlation presumes there is a _______ between the two variables, a correlation should not be used if the variables have a _______

linear, nonlinear

A _______ is used to display relationships between 2 quantitative variables, a _______ used to display relationships between 2

qualitative variables.

scatterplot, contingency table

A _______ should be examined before a correlation is calculated, a _______ should be examined to describe the pattern revealed by a significant Chi-square.

scatterplot, contingency table

_______ Chi-square data patterns are usually stronger effects than _______ Chi-square data patterns

symmetrical, asymmetrical

_______ Chi-square data patterns have the larger frequencies on one diagonal and the smaller frequencies on the other diagonal, _______ Chi-square data patterns often have a difference between the rows of only one column

symmetrical, asymmetrical

_______ Chi-square data patterns have row differences in opposite directions in the two columns, _______ Chi-square data patterns often have a difference between the rows of only one column.

symmetrical, asymmetrical

A _______ occurs when we don't find the data pattern we "hoped for", _______ occurs when don't find the data pattern we "should have"

results contrary to the research

hypothesis, Type III error

A _______ occurs when the significant pattern found in the sample data is different from the pattern in the population, _______ occurs when the significant pattern of results is different from the pattern we expectedt

Type III error, results contrary to the research hypothesis

A _______ is/are identified (in theory) by comparing the significant pattern found in the sample data with the pattern in the population, _______ is/are identified by comparing the significant pattern found in the sample data with the pattern that was expected based upon theory.

type III errors, results contrary to the research hypothesis

When you have repeated measures data, _______ tests hypotheses about prediction and _______ tests hypotheses about differences.

correlation, WG ANOVA

When you have repeated measures data, _______ tests hypotheses about linear relationships and _______ tests hypotheses about change

correlation, WG ANOVA

When making tests of bivariate association, _______ is used with the variables are qualitative and _______ is used with the variables are quantitative

chi square, correlation

When making tests of bivariate association, _______ is used to ask questions about patterns of bivariate relationship and _______ is used to ask questions about bivariate linear relationships

chi square, correlation

When making between groups comparisons, _______ is used with the DV is qualitative and _______ is used when the DV is quantitative

chi square, BG ANOVA

When making between groups comparisons, _______ is used to ask if the participants in the different IV conditions have different response likelihoods _______ is to ask if the participants in the different IV conditions have different response averages.

chi square, BG ANOVA

When comparing groups using a quantitative DV, _______ is used when different participants are in the two IV conditions _______ is used when the same participants are in both IV conditions.

BG ANOVA, WG ANOVA

When comparing the DV means of different IV conditions _______ is used when different participants are in the two IV conditions ______ is used when the same participants are in both IV conditions

BG ANOVA, WG ANOVA

Using a larger sample size increases the chances of finding a _______ effect but does not increase the chances of finding a _______ effect.

significant, large

A _______ effect is identified using the p-value, a _______ effect is identified using the r-value.

significant, large

A/an _______ power analysis is performed before the study is conducted, a/an _______ power analysis is performed after a study is conducted

priori, post hoc

A/an _______ power analysis is performed to determine the sample size that should be used for the study, a/an _______ power

analysis is performed when you retain the H0: to help estimate the probability of a Type II error.

priori, post hoc

Having sufficient _______ decreases the probability of making a Type _______ error

power, II

Type _______ errors are often produced by having insufficient _______.

II, power