Topic 11: Turtles: Order Testudines

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7 Terms

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Intro

  • testudinia is sister lineage to archosauria (birds and crocodylians)

  • 361 extant species in 14 families


<ul><li><p>testudinia is sister lineage to archosauria (birds and crocodylians)</p></li><li><p>361 extant species in 14 families</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Skeleton

  • beta keratin (structural protein) forms outer layer of horny scutes

  • inside is lateral extensions of ribs

  • limbs inside ribs, fused to the underside of the carapace


<ul><li><p>beta keratin (structural protein) forms outer layer of horny scutes</p></li><li><p>inside is lateral extensions of ribs</p></li><li><p>limbs inside ribs, fused to the underside of the carapace</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the largest species of turtle?

cheloniidae

they only come on land to lay eggs (are marine)

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Extant Groups of Turtles

  • cryptodires (hidden neck) - 11 families, 262 species, widely distributed across the globe

    • have vertical S-shaped bend in the neck when bringing the head back in

  • pleurodires (side neck) - 3 families, 99 species, found in southern hemisphere

    • have horizontal bend in neck when bringing the head back in


<ul><li><p>cryptodires (hidden neck) - 11 families, 262 species, widely distributed across the globe</p><ul><li><p>have vertical S-shaped bend in the neck when bringing the head back in</p></li></ul></li><li><p>pleurodires (side neck) - 3 families, 99 species, found in southern hemisphere</p><ul><li><p>have horizontal bend in neck when bringing the head back in</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Respiration

not able to ventilate with the same mechanism as other basal amniotes (moving rib cage to draw air into lungs) since their ribs are fused to the shell

lungs attach to the carapace dorsally and laterally

  • contract muscles to increase V of visceral cavity → expand lungs and air moves in

    • serratus and abdominal oblique

  • contract other muscles to decrease V → compress lungs and air moves out

    • transverse abdominis and pectoralis brings gut back down


<p>not able to ventilate with the same mechanism as other basal amniotes (moving rib cage to draw air into lungs) since their ribs are fused to the shell</p><p>lungs attach to the carapace dorsally and laterally</p><ul><li><p>contract muscles to increase V of visceral cavity → expand lungs and air moves in</p><ul><li><p>serratus and abdominal oblique</p></li></ul></li><li><p>contract other muscles to decrease V → compress lungs and air moves out</p><ul><li><p>transverse abdominis and pectoralis brings gut back down</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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In some species, lung respiration is complemented by each of ______ and ______ respiration.

pharyngeal and cloacal:

  • pharyngeal respiration: when confined underwater, they draw water into mouth and pharynx - have flat-topped highly vascularized papillae

  • cloacal respiration: in at least one species, the cloaca is lined sacs that are highly vascularized that they can pump water into and out of cloacal sacs to stay underwater for a long time without air


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Other Characteristics

  • incomplete ventricular septum - flow of blood is controlled partly by the relative resistance to flow in each circuit

  • use endothermy and ectothermy for T regulation

  • all are oviparous with internal fertilization

  • temperature dependent sex determination

  • little parental care