appendicular skeleton (not finished)

Pectoral girdle

• Attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton

• Paired

• Clavicle + scapula

• Don’t articulate with vertebral column

  • Stabilized by group of muscles

The appendicular skeleton

• 126 bones

• Primarily involved in body movements

• Appendages to central skeleton

  • upper and lower limbs + girdles

What is a girdle

Attach upper and lower limbs to axial skeleton

Clavicle

• Collar bone —> s shaped

• Medial (Sternal end) Articulates with manubrium of sternum

• lateral end (acromial) articulates with acromion of scapula

• Has Conoid tubercle

  —> attaches to conoid ligament

Scapula

• Shoulder blade

• Flat bone located in superior part of posterior thorax

• articulates with the clavicle

  —> acromiocivular joint

• glenoid cavity (shallow depression) Articulates with humerus

  —> glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Humerus

• articulates with scapula

  —> rounded head fits into Glenoid cavity

• Articulates with radius and unlawful distally

  • trochlea articulates with ulna

  • Capitulum with radius

What are the two bones of the forearm? What’s their function?

• Ulna

• Radius

• Allow forearm to rotate

Ulna

• Elbow joint: olecranin and coronoid process at proximal end

  —> form tochlear notch wrapping around trochlea of humerus

  
  

Radius

• Located on lateral (thumb) side of forearm

• Head articulates with capitulum

  
  

Carpal bones

• 8 small bones

  • rows of 4 bones

• Connected by ligaments

Proximal row of carpal

• scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

• Articulates with radius and ulna

Distal row

• trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

• Articulates with metacarpals

Five metacarpals

• make up palm/back of hand

• Numbered I-V

• Bases articulate with distal carpals

• Heads articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges

• bones of digits/fingers

• 14 on each hand

  • thumb: contains 2 (proximal and distal)

  • Other fingers: contain 3 each (proximal, middle, distal)

What hip bones is the Pelvic girdle made of? Where do they articulate?

• made of two hip bones

  • Os coxa, coxal bones

• articulate with sacrum posteriorly

• Two bones Articulate anteriorly at pubic bones (pubic symphasis)

  
  

What individual bones are the each hip bone made of? (3)

• ilium

• Ischium

• Pubis

What exists between the two hip bones?

• disc of fibrocartilage

where does the femur articulate

• head of femur articulates with acetabulum of hip bone

  • like ball and socket joint

  
  

Acetablum

• of hip bone

• Composed of 3 bones making up hip bone

What is the pelvic brim

• where abdomen meets pelvic cavity

• Divides pelvis into superior and inferior portion

What is the false greater pelvis

• area of bony pelvis superior to pelvic brim

What is the true (lesser) pelvis

• Area of bony pelvis inferior to pelvic brim

characteristics of male pelvis (6)

male:

• bones larger and heavier

• false pelvis: Deep pelvis

• Pelvic Brim narrow and heart shaped

• Acetabulum: large and faces laterally

• Obturator foramen: round

• Pubic arch: less than 90 degreesq

characteristics of female pelvis

(7)

• Female: structured to meet requirements of pregnancy and childbirth

• pelvis wide light

• False pelvis: Shallow

• Pelvic brim: wide and more oval

• acetabulum: small and faces anteriorly

• Obturator foramen: Oval

• Pelvic arch: greater than 90 degree angle

Where is the iliac crest

• less curved in females

What is this

Ilium

• less vertical in females

What is this

• greater sciatic notch

• Wide (almost 90 degrees) in females

• Narrow in males (almost 70 degrees)

What is this

Sacrum:

• shorter and winder in females

What is this?

• pelvic outlet

• Wider in females

What is this?

Ischial tuberosity

• females: shorter, farther apart and more medically projecting

• Males: longer, closer tgt, more laterally projecting

What is the femur

• longest, heaviest, and strongest bone

• Proximal head inserts into acetabulum of hip

• Distal articulates with tibia and patella

What is the patella

• triangular bone

• Develops into quadriceps tendon

• Posterior surface articulates w/ femur

What does the lower leg consist of?

• Tibia and fibula

Tibia

• Proximal end articulates w/ femur

• distal end articulates with talus bone of ankle

Tibial tuberosity

• anterior surface of tibia

  • point of attachment for patellar ligament

Fibula

-please fill

Fibular notch

Medial malleolus

Talus

Tarsus

• 7 tarsal bones

• Talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and cuboid

Metatarsus

• numbered I-V starting with big toe

• Make up sole and dorsal surface of foot

• Proximal ends articulate with 3 cuneiform bones and cuboid

• Distal ends articulate with proximal phalanges

Phalanges of foot

• big toe: proximal and distal phalanx

• Other toes: proximal, middle and distal phalanx

What are the two aches of the foot

• Supported by ligaments and tendons

• longitudinal arch

  • made of medial and lateral portion

• transverse arch

Purpose of two arches

• allow foot to support weight of body

• Provide leverage while walking

• Distribute body’s weight over foot