Exam 2 Nutrition and Health Promotion

What does nutrition affect?

growth and development, health promotion, disease prevention, cellular function and repair

What can nutrition status influence?

recovery and disease

What is a fundamental nursing concept? Why?

nutrition bc it affects overall health and recovery

What are the 3 macronutrients?

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats

Macronutrients are needed in _____ amounts

large

What are proteins used for in the body?

growth, maintenance, and tissue repair

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

a major energy source and provide glucose for the brain and nervous system

What are fats used for in the body?

energy and cell membrane structure

Is alcohol a macronutrient? Why?

No, bc it is not needed for normal body functions

What are the micronutrients?

vitamins, minerals —> required in trace or ultratrace amounts, and water

What is the important thing to remember about micronutrients?

just bc they are needed in small amounts doesn’t mean they aren’t as important

What are vitamins used for in the body?

supports body processes

What are minerals used for in the body?

essential inorganic elements

What is water used for in the body?

essential nutrient and required for normal physiological function

What percentage does water make up of the total body weight?

60-70%

What age group has the highest amount of total water % in the body?

infants

Phytochemicals

naturally occurring compounds found in plants

What effect do phytochemicals have on the body?

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune-related

Lutein

in green/yellow vegetables

Lycopene

in tomatoes

Resveratrol

in grapes and peanuts

Vegetarian Diet

primarily plant-based foods

Optimal nutrition status

nutrients are available in appropriate balance

Malnutrition

insufficient OR excessive nutrients

What is the important thing with nutrition status?

to recognize changes early

Poor nutritional status = __________

impaired/poor health

Poor health = _______________

impaired nutritional status

About how many more calories should you intake if you are breastfeeding? What else does your body also need an increase of?

+500 calories … increase protein, calcium, vitamins A, B, and C

Digestion

mechanical and chemical processes of breaking down food

Where does absorption mainly occur?

this mostly occurs int he small intestine

What is most important for elimination?

fiber (also need adequate fluids and physical activity)

Cellular metabolism

cells use energy for growth, repair, and making proteins

What are the age-related differences in infants and children compared to the norm?

immature GI system, developing chewing and swallowing abilities, early nutrition is only breast milk/formula, foods are slowly introduced

What should be avoided before age 1? Why?

honey bc of botulism

What is the biggest risk for infants and children?

choking

What are the age-related differences between older adults and the norm?

possible changes in taste and smell, saliva production, chewing ability, appetite, GI absorption, metabolic efficiency

What else should you assess besides their food intake?

if they have the ability, resources, and support

What are some of the things that go along with having excess weight?

stroke, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, and musculoskeletal disorder

What happens if you have protein deficiency?

poor tissue repair, reduced immune function, muscle loss, and edema with severe deficiency

What happens if you have carbohydrate deficiency?

protein is used for energy and fat breakdown —> ketone production (alternative fuel for body)

What happens if you have essential fatty acid deficiency?

affects all cell membranes and important for brain/retinal development

Vitamin C deficiency =

scurvy

Niacin deficiency =

pellagra aka dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

Folate deficiency =

decreased fetal neural development

Vitamin A deficiency =

decreased vision

Vitamin D deficiency =

decreased bone health and calcium absorption

Iron/B12/Folate deficiency =

anemia (important for RBC production)

Who is at risk for malnutrition?

EVERYONE, some are at higher risk tho

What is the glucose/A1C lab test for?

carbohydrate

HDL

good fat

LDL

bad fat

Hgb/Hct

anemia and hydration status

What is the Albumin lab test for?

tests over the past 3 months and is more long term change

What is the Prealbumin lab test for?

used for more rapid short term changes

What is the CRP lab test for?

helps identify inflammation when interpreting albumin

Primary prevention

education and vaccinations

Secondary prevention

screenings

Tertiary prevention

treats and prevents and manages the disease from getting worse

Primordial prevention

earliest health promotion modality

Reliability

consistent results

Validity

accurately measures what it is intended to measure

Sensitivity

identifies people with disease

Specificity

identifies people without disease

Anorexia Nervosa

fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, restriction of food intake, and excessive exercise

Celiac Disease

an autoimmune disorder that is triggered when exposed to gluten $ damages the vili (which absorb in the GI tract)

What can Celiac Disease cause?

nutrient malabsorption

Dysphagia warning signs:

coughing/choking during or after eating, wet or changed voice, drooling or difficulty managing secretions, food pocketing, delayed swallowing, difficulty chewing or controlling food

Health

physical, mental, and social well-being

Wellness

active process of making healthy choices

Disease

functional or structural abnormality

Illness

individual’s experience and manifestations of health problems

Multidimensional

physical, mental, social, spiritual, occupational, environmental, intellectual, and financial

What the hell did Florence Nightingale do?

improved sanitation and handwashing for nursing

What patient education should you give?

healthy lifestyle choices, screening, disease prevention, medication management, self-management

When should you screen for breast cancer?

age 40

When should you screen for colorectal cancer?

age 45

Erikson’s Stage trust vs mistrust

age 0-18 months & is my world safe?

Erikson’s Stage autonomy vs shame and doubt

age 2-3 & can I do things by myself or do I need to always rely on others?

Erikson’s Stage initiative vs guilt

age 3-5 & am I good or bad?

Erikson’s Stage industry vs inferiority

age 6-11 & how good can I be?

Erikson’s Stage identity vs role confusion

age 12-18 & who am I and where am I going?

Erikson’s Stage intimacy vs isolation

age 19-40 & asks: am I loved and wanted?

Erikson’s Stage generativity vs stagnation

age 40-65 & asks: will I provide something of real value?

Erikson’s Stage ego identity vs despair

age 65 to death & asks: have I lived a full life?

Piaget’s Theory Sensorimotor Stage

0-2 years old and curiosity about world, coordination of senses, object permanence developed

Piaget’s Theory Preoperational Stage

2-7 years old and imagination and intuition are STRONG but abstract thinking is rough

Piaget’s Theory Concrete Operational Stage

age 7-11 years old and time, space, and quantity are understood

Piaget’s Theory Formal Operations Stage

age +11 and abstract logic and reasoning

What percentage of weight do newborns lose on the first week of their life?

10%

When do infants double their birth weight?

2-6 months

When do infants triple their birth weight?

12 months

When do the teeth begin to erupt in infants?

around 6th months

What is the age of a toddler?

12-36 months

How many teeth do toddlers have by month 30?

20

What is the age of preschoolers?

3-5 years old

What happens in the preschooler age?

loss of baby fat, develop long bones, permanent teeth

what is the age of school age children?

6-12 years old

What is the age of adolescents?

13-18 years old also puberty

What is the age of young adults?

19-35 years old

What is the age of middle adults?

36-65 years old