Topic 1: Pathology

skeletal

Muscle Tissue

• Voluntary, ONLY multi-nucleated, long cylindrical with striations

smooth

Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary, Uni-nucleated, spindle shaped WITHOUT striations

cardiac

Muscle Tissue

• Involuntary, Uni-nucleated, short, branching WITH striations and Intercalated disk

autopsy / necroscopy

Specimens Usually Processed in the Lab

• Purpose: To determine the cause of death

biopsy

Specimens Usually Processed in the Lab

• Surgical specimens

• Purpose: To determine malignancy or cancerous condition

cytology

Specimens Usually Processed in the Lab

• Gynecological (e.g. Vulvar scrape, Vaginal Scrape)

  • Ex: Pap’s smear (Screening procedure for Cervical Cancer)

• Non- gynecological

  • Ex: Pleural fluid, urine, CSF, or any fluid other than Pap's

diagnostic cytology

• Involves microscopic examination of cells taken from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

• Biopsy is usually requested to rule out cancerous or malignant conditions just like diagnostic cytology

cost effective

Advantages of diagnostic cytology over biopsy

1. __________.

2. The procedure is simple because following collection of cells, we prepare smear, then we evaluate the cells. (In cytology, there are not many steps involved in processing the specimen)

3. It has a low complication rate since collection of specimens will not involve any surgical procedure

4. High accuracy rate.

exfoliative cytology

I. Diagnostic Cytology

• This involves examination of cells, specifically cells desquamated, or cells shed from epithelial surfaces

• In cytology, specimens may be classified to gynecologic and non-gynecologic

cell block technique

I. Diagnostic Cytology : Exfoliative Cytology

Process of cytologic specimens, except for PAP smear

• First, we do centrifugation, Then, we get the sediments we use the sediments for smear preparation

• Then sediments are not completely used up for PAP

• For smear preparation: The remaining sediments are utilized for the ___________?

specimens used

I. Diagnostic Cytology : Exfoliative Cytology

• Cervicovaginal smears (PAP smear)

• Nipple discharge

• Gastric or bronchial secretions

• Pleural and peritoneal fluid

preparation of smear

I. Diagnostic Cytology : Exfoliative Cytology

• Smears are usually made from fresh material

• See requestion form

• Label the slide

• Methods:

  • Streaking - zigzag motion

  • Spreading - To create thin layer

  • Pull apart - Separation

  • Touch or impression smear also called “Abraded cytology”

• Upon receiving