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Deviance

Deviation from social norms.

Dysfunction

Disruption in daily life.

Distress

Emotional suffering experienced by the individual.

Danger

Potential risk to self or others in certain situations.

Medical Model

The perspective that psychological disorders have biological causes and treatments.

Biopsychosocial Model

The approach that disorders arise from the interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors.

DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; provides standardized criteria for mental health diagnoses.

ICD

International Classification of Diseases; a global classification of diseases.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual.

Anxiety Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and worry.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A condition marked by chronic excessive worry, restlessness, and muscle tension.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Persistent fear of social situations that lasts for six months or longer.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, flashbacks, and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A condition with unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions).

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A mood disorder marked by extreme sadness, loss of interest, and changes in appetite or sleep.

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thought processes and a break from reality.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A disorder involving two or more distinct identities and memory gaps.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A condition with excessive thoughts or behaviors related to physical symptoms that cause significant distress.

Personality Disorders

Disorders characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by a blatant disregard for the rights of others and impulsive behavior.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance and excessive need for admiration.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by social inhibition and hypersensitivity to criticism.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by periods of mania and depression.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that helps individuals modify maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A medical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically induced seizures.

Hoarding Disorder

A condition where individuals have persistent difficulty discarding possessions, causing distress.