APUSH Period 3

Seven Years War/French and Indian War

Britain v France and Native Americans, both sides wanted control of the resources, trade routes, and water ways in Ohio Valley, sprouted dislike between British and colonial soliders (1754-1763)

Governor Dinwiddie

VA governor that sent George Washington to start the French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin’s “join or die” proclamation to unite the colonies in the French and Indian war, they refuse to unify at the time

Peace of Paris

1763, treaty ending French and Indian war, Britain obtains majority of French land, save for New Orleans

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763, Ottawa natives led a series of battles to drive Brits out of Ottawa valley

Proclamation of 1763

Brits prohibit settlement west of Appalachian mountains (response to Pontiac’s rebellion)

Stamp Act

1765, British act requiring colonists to purchase a stamp for all paper goods. First internal tax on colonists

Quartering Act

1765, act requiring colonists to pay for food, housing, and clothing of British soldiers

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Coalition of patriots using violence and intimidation to enforce boycotts of British acts

Patrick Henry

American patriot from VA who advocated fro no taxation without representation

Sam Adams

Patriot from MA who helped create the Sons of Liberty, almost arrested by British military force at Lexington

Andrew Oliver

British stamp collector who was forced to resign after threats from Sons of Liberty

Virtual Representation

members elected to Parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations

Stamp Act Congress

Colonists meet to discuss response to Stamp act and decide to boycott all British goods until repealed

Declaratory Act

1766, Parliament repeals the Stamp act but declares they can tax colonists whenever they want

Townshend Acts

1769, tax on paper, lead, and tea in the colonies

Boston Massacre

March 1770, colonists upset with British military in Boston, started rioting against them with sticks and snowballs, British troops fired in response, killing 5 colonists, influenced more to join patriot cause

Crispus Attucks

First American killed in the Boston Massacre

Tea Act

1773, only tea from Dutch East India Company could be purchased in the colonies with a small tax

Committees of Correspondence

colonists unite to coordinate response against tea act, most colonial governors give in against the tax

Thomas Hutchinson

Massachusetts governor that forces colonists to still drink and pay taxes on the tea

Boston Tea Party

Dec 1773, patriots dump 92000 pounds of tea in the Boston harbor, blame it on Mohawk Native Americans

Coersive/Intolerable acts

British act closing Boston’s ports until the tea and taxes were paid back by the colonists, implemented Martial Law in MA, military gov in charge

1st Continental Congress

Meeting of colonists in Philadelphia 1774, created the Continental Association and declared colonial rights with a petition to King George III

King George III

British Monarch during the American Revolution and prior to, whose tax policies and rejection of colonial petition pushed America toward independence (1760-1820)

Continental Association

general boycott on all British goods, 1774

Minutemen

militias in America ready to fight British Army at any time

Restraining Act

Britain forbid trade among colonies, response to Continental Association, pushed moderates to patriot cause

Thomas Gage

Military MA governor whose attempted arrest of the Sons of Liberty (Sam Adams and John Hancock) and confiscation of arms of the minutemen strengthened the patriot cause

John Hancock

Boston merchant known for smuggling, member of sons of liberty that Thomas Gage sent British army to arrest. signed the declaration of independence

Paul Revere

Boston Patriot whose engraving of the Boston massacre aided colonial resentment against the British, “the British (regulars) are coming”

William Dawes

Helped warn John Hancock and Sam Adams of the attempted arrest , “the British (regulars) are coming”

Lexington and Concord

April 1775, 1st battles of American Revolution, initiated by military force attempted arrest of sons of liberty

2nd Continental Congress

mid 1775, reaction to battles of Lexington and Concord, created Continental army led by Washington, government during the war, wrote Olive Branch Petition

Olive Branch Petition

final attempt to resolve conflict between British and Colonists without bloodshed, from Continental Congress to King George III

Hessians

German mercenaries to fight colonists, British response to Olive Branch Petition (didn’t agree)

Battle of Bunker Hill

MA June 1775, fight for the high ground, British Pyrrhic victory (lost more men than Continental army)

Battles of Trenton and Princeton

George Washington’s army surprise attacks drunk Hessians on Christmas (1776) and New Years Day (1777), boosted colonial morale w/ small victories

Valley Forge

1777-1778 winter encampment and training of continental army led by Washington and Von Steuben, useful military base for future battles

Battle of Saratoga

October 1777 turning point battle, influenced Franco-American aid to immensely help patriots, British army didn’t follow plan and got surrounded by Continental army

Battle of Yorktown

Sept-oct 1781, Lord Cornwallis gets trapped at Yorktown waiting for supplies and surrenders, negotiations of surrender begin

William Howe

British general on Bunker Hill

Horatio Gates

British-born Continental army general at Saratoga, served in British army for 2 wars but left and bought VA plantation

Marquis de Lafayette

French military official at Yorktown, helped alliance between America and France

Baron Von Steuben

Prussian officer recruited by Ben Franklin, helped win at Yorktown

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British general, surrendered to French army at Yorktown, ending the war

Rochambeau

French general that Cornwallis surrendered to (Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur de __)

de Grasse

French general that helped with battle of Yorktown, coordinated attack with Washington (Francois Joseph Paul __)

John Jay

helped negotiate Treaty of Paris with John Adams and Ben Franklin, wrote 5 federalist papers, Washington’s close friend

Joseph Brant

(Thayendanegea) chief of 90 Mohawk warriors fighting with British

Republican Motherhood

role of women in the new republic to raise kids to be good citizens, old gender roles marketed as patriotic

Deborah Sampson

disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the army under the name Robert Shurtliff, former indentured servants turned teacher

Mary Ludwig Hays

“Molly Pitcher” brought water to troops during battle of Monmouth, took her injured husband’s place at the artillery cannon

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams and wrote to him to advocate for women’s rights and right to vote in the constitution, she got NJ to let single, widowed, or landowning women to vote for 3 decades

Phillis Wheatley

patriot and former slave, her “owners” educated her, she wrote a poetry book arguing for black rights

Lord Dunmore

VA royal governor, forced out to take refuge on British ships, created an army of servants and black men on the ship and marched back into VA, created Dunmore’s proclamation

Dunmore’s Proclamation

declared freedom for slaves and indentured servants if they joined Lord Dunmore’s British cause against patriotism

Quock Walker

enslaved African who sued for his freedom in MA and won

Articles of Confederation

Governing policy from 1777-1789, unicameral legislature (each state had one vote), states had more power than national gov, no national currency, tax, trade regulation, judiciary, or president

Land Ordinance of 1785

orderly sale of land west of Appalachia through the Articles of Confederation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

territories could become states, abolished slavery north of Ohio river, through Articles of Confederation

Constitutional convention

meeting in Philadelphia to address fails of Articles of Confederation, 1787-1789, banned international slave trade, created 3/5 compromise

3/5th compromise

slaves were treated as 3/5 of a person in state populations, benefited southern states in House of Representatives

James Madison

Wrote Bill of Rights and 29 federalist papers, formed democratic-republican party with Thomas Jefferson

Great Compromise

Enacted bicameral legislature: House of Representatives (based on state population) and the Senate (2 seats per state)

Federalism

balance of powers between state and national governments

Federalists

in favor of the Constitution and federalism

Anti-federalists

Against ratification of the Constitution, some preferred Articles of Confederation

Federalist Papers

1788, essays to convince Americans to ratify the constitution (Hamilton, Madison, John Jay)

Electoral college

Electors cast votes on behalf of the states, mostly winner takes all, 538 total, 270 to win presidential election

Bill of Rights

1791, amendments protecting the individual liberties of citizens