Process Units

Types of Gas Storage

Low pressure gas holders, liquid-sealed type storage, and liquefaction under high pressure.

Storage of Liquids

Stored in bulk in vertical cylindrical steel tanks, fixed/floating-roof tanks, or horizontal cylindrical/rectangular tanks for small quantities.

Short-term Solid Storage

Overhead bunkers (bins/hoppers) used for short-term storage allowing material to be withdrawn at a steady rate.

Factors Affecting Pump Energy Requirement

Height, required pressure, pipe dimensions, flow rate, fluid viscosity & density, and power supply

Positive Displacement Pumps

Mechanical parts that push liquid; delivery is related to the displacement of the piston.

Centrifugal Pumps

Imparts high kinetic energy to liquid which is converted into pressure energy using spinning impellers

Cavitation in Pumps

Occurs when air is present in a pump, leading to potential mechanical damage due to collapsing air bubbles.

Single-phase Liquid Mixing

Mixing of a single-phase liquid to achieve homogeneity or for heat/mass transfer.

Equipment for Fine Crushing

Fine crushers utilize compressive and shear forces to crush materials.

Separation Techniques for Liquid-Solid Mixtures

Gravity methods (thickeners & clarifiers) and centrifugal hydrocyclones or filtration

Modes of Reactors

Classified by mode (batch vs continuous), phases (homogeneous vs heterogeneous), and geometry (stirred tank, tubular, packed bed, fluidized bed)

Heat Exchanger Types

Shell-and-tube exchanger, providing a large area in a small volume with easy cleaning and good flow direction.

Distillation Process

Counter-current vapor/liquid contacting that separates components based on volatility differences using reflux and boilup.

Membrane Separations

Exploits differences in permeability for separation processes, including osmosis and reverse osmosis.

Adsorption vs Ion Exchange

Adsorption binds solute to a solid surface, while ion exchange involves a chemical reaction to exchange ions.