Anatomy Units 1-3

Ab-

away from

Ad-

toward, near

algia

pain

Ante

before, foreward

circum

around

contra

against, opposite

Dia

through, apart

epi-

above, over, upon

genesis

production, formation

infra

below, beneath

inter

between

intra

within

macr

large

micro

small

meta

after, beyond, behind

peri

around, surrounding

sub

under, below

super

above, beyond

supra

above, beyond

trans

across

viser.o

internal organs

What are the levels of organization

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

What is chemical organization

atoms, molecules, organelles

What is cellular organization

smallest structural and functional unit

What are tissue organization

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

what are the organ level of organization

multiple tissues with specific functions

What are the organ system levels of organization

organs working together (11 systems)

What are the organism level of organization

all systems combined

What are the 11 body systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

What is the integumentary system

protection, sensation, temp regulation, excretion. Includes: skin, hair, nails, glands

What is the skeletal system?

support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage. Includes: bones, cartilage, joints

What is the muscular system?

movement, posture, heat control

What is the nervous system?

rapid communication, homeostasis. Includes: brain, spinal cord, nerves

What is the Endocrine system?

Hormones regulate body functions

What is the cardiovascular system

transports O2 + nutrients, waste removal, maintain balance, immunity, blood clots + regulate body temp. Includes: blood, heart, blood vessels.

What is the Lymphatic system

fluid recovery, immune response, protects against disease. Includes: lymph, spleen, nodes, tonsils, thymus gland

What is the respiratory system?

gas exchange, pH regulation, vocal sounds, oxygen supply, eliminate CO2. Includes: lungs + passageways

What is the digestive system?

breakdown food, absorb nutrients, excrete waste. Includes: GI tract and associated organs

What is the urinary system?

filter blood, remove waste, regulate pH & pressure. Includes: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

What is the reproductive system?

produces gametes, hormones, milk production. Includes: testes and ovaries

What is the anatomical position?

palms forward and toes forward

What is the prone position?

Lying face down

What is the supine position

lying on their back, face up

Superior

above, over, toward the head

inferior

below, under, further from the head

Anterior

in front, toward the front of the body

posterior

behind, toward back of the body

proximal

closer to the attachment point of a limb to the trunk

distal

further from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk

Medial

toward the midline

lateral

further from the midline

intermediate

in between two structures

superficial

toward the surface of the body

deep

toward the interior of the body

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left portions

Midsagittal plane

equal right and left sections

Parasagittal plane

unequal right and left sections

frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior parts

oblique plane

divides body on angle

What are the four main body cavities?

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominopelvic

What is the serous membrane?

thin slippery, double layer membrane that covers organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities

What does the serous membrane consist of?

parietal layer (lines cavities), Visceral layer (covers organs), Serous fluid (lubrication)

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

What is homeostasis

regulation of multiple factors within the body. maintains stable internal conditions.

Homeostasis and feedback

has 3 basic components: receptor, control center, effector. regulated by nervous system (rapid) & hormones (slower)

What is epithelial tissue?

coverings, internal linings, and glandular secretions (sweat glands)

Types of layers of epithelial tissues

simple (one layer) and stratified (many layers)

Types of cell shapes of epithelial tissue

squamous (thin/flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (tall)

Simple epithelium - simple squamous

found in protected regions. single layer flattened cells. allows for diffusion, vessels, alveoli of the lungs.

Simple epithelium - simple cuboidal

Single layer cuboidal cells. absorption/secretion larger area. Glands & kidneys

Simple epithelium - simple columnar

single layer columnar cells. more protection. absorption/secretion (stomach & intestinal tract). Move substances & secrete mucus.

Stratified epithelium

found in areas of mechanical stress.

Stratified epithelium - stratified squamous

most abundant. multiple layers. protection; skin

stratified epithelium - stratified cuboidal

2 or more layers. protect tissues + absorption & secretion. Includes: sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands.

Stratified epithelium - stratified columnar

less common. protection + secretion. male urethra + some ducts.

transitional epithelial cells

epithelial cell change shape. Bladder cells change from cuboidal (empty) to squamous (full)

Pseudostratified cells

epithelial cells appear to be stratified, but are single layered. Ex. respiratory tract

Glandular epithelium

secretion. contain one or more specialized cells. secrete substances into ducts, onto surface, or in blood. Endocrine gland (hormones - bloodstream), exocrine (ducts empty at surface; mucus + sweat)

What is connective tissue?

one of the most abundant body tissue in the body.

one of the most abundant body tissue. It supports, protects, transports, provides immunity, sores energy.

Connective tissue elements

cells and extracellular matrix (ground substance + fibres)

What types of Connective tissue cells are there

fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes(fat), chondrocytes (Cartlidge), osteocytes (bone), immune cells

What is connective tissue extracellular matrix

consists of a fluid, gel, or solid ground substance plus protein fibres

What are the three types of connective tissue fibres

collagen, elastic, reticular

What are the types of connective tissue

Loose and dense

What is loose connective tissue

more cells, less extracellular matrix

What are the different types of loose connective tissue

Areolar (elasticity), adipose (fat storage), reticular (filtering)

What are the different types of dense connective tissues

dense regular (strength one direction), dense irregular (strength in all directions), elastic (stretchy)

What is cartilage

no blood vessels or nerves. dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers with rubbery ground substance

What are the different types of cartilage

hyaline (most common; joints), fibrocartilage (strongest), elastic (ear, epiglottis)

What is bone tissue

support, protect organs, produce movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage.

What are the two types of bone tissue

spongy and compact

what is liquid connective tissue

blood and lymph

What is muscular tissue

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

what is skeletal muscle tissue

attached to bones of skeleton, multinucleated and striated, voluntary movement

What is smooth muscle tissue

walls of hollow internal structures: non-striated and involuntary movement

What is cardiac muscle tissue

involuntary, striated (inculcated disc), autorhythmic, heart wall

what is nervous tissue

main component of the nervous system. communicates with the body via electrical impulses.

What are the different types of nervous tissue

neurons and neuroglia

What are neuroglia

protect and support cells