KIN 212 Test 1

Frontal Plane

bisects you into a front and back. Left to right movement.

Sagittal Plane

Bisects you into a left and right. Front to back movement.

Transverse Plane

Bisects you into a top and bottom. Twisting movement.

Frontal plane axis of motion

sagittal axis of motion

Sagittal plane axis of motion

front axis of motion

Transverse plane axis of motion

vertical axis of motion

Abduction

lateral movement away from midline of the trunk, frontal plane

Adduction

movement medially toward the midline of the trunk, frontal plane

Horizontal Abduction/Adduction

movement of upper limb in transverse plane at shoulder level away/toward midline of body

Diagonal Abduction

movement of limb through diagonal plane away from body

Diagonal Adduction

movement of limb in diagonal plane toward and across midline of body

Flexion

bending movement resulting in decrease angle in joint by bringing joints together, sagittal plane

Extension

straightening movement that results in increase joint angle, sagittal plane

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb that is combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Sagittal and frontal plane.

External (lateral) rotation

rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone away from the midline, transverse plane

Internal (medial) rotation

rotary movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone toward the midline, transverse plane

Eversion

turn sole of foot outward

Inversion

turn sole of foot inward

Dorsiflexion

toe pointed up

Plantar flexion

toe pointed down

Elevation

raise shoulder

Depression

downward shoulder

Protraction

forward movement of the shoulder girdle

Retraction

backward movement of the shoulder girdle

Upward Rotation

inferior angle of scapula moves laterally and upwards

Downward Rotation

inferior angle of scapula moves medially and downwards

Anterior pelvic tilt

hips tilted forward

Posterior pelvic tilt

hips tilted backward

Lateral Rotation

movement of the pelvic girdle through a lateral plane of motion

Transverse Rotation

rotation through transverse plane of motion

Pronation

palm down

Supination

palm up

Radial flexion

wrist movement toward thumb side of hand

Ulnar flexion

wrist movement toward pinky finger side of hand

Anterior

front

Posterior

behind

Superior

on top/above

Inferior

below

Bilateral

relating to right and left sides of a bodily structure

Unilateral

relating to one side of the body at a time

Contralateral

relating to opposite sides

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Lateral

toward the outside of body

Medial

toward the midline

Proximal

nearest to the trunk or point of origin

Distal

away from center of body or point of origin

Prone

lying down on stomach

Supine

lying on back

Superficial

near surface

Deep

far from surface

Axial skeleton components

skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular skeleton components

composed of the appendages, shoulder, and pelvic girdle

Functions of the skeleton

Protection, Structure, Movement, stores calcium (and other minerals), and blood cell formation

Short bone example

carpals

Flat bone example

parietal

Sesamoid bone example

patella

Irregular bone example

pubis

Long bone example

radius

Diaphysis

Shaft

Epiphysis

rounded end of the bone

Articular cartilage surrounds

epiphysis

Periosteum

dense fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Epiphyseal Plate

growth plate; closed as bones mature; most close by 18

Cortical bone

compact bone. Most of cortex is very “complex”, shafts

Cancellous bone

spongy: most of interior, very “spongy”, high energy storage capacity

Osteons

ring-like unit running vertically in cortical bone, central unit that makes up cortical bone

Volkmann Canals

canal running from one osteon to the next, at right angles to the central canals; also, blood vessels

Lamella

each of the bone layers in an osteon (rings)

Lacuna

spaces or cavities between rings where cells live in an osteon

Canaliculi

Canals connecting the lacunae, used for communication

Bone remodeling

bones grow through childhood longitudinally, growth in diameter continues throughout life

Osteoblasts

Form the new bone (builders)

Spongy bone replacement rate

replaced every 3-4 years

Compact cortical bone replacement rate

every 10 years

Compression load

force presses the ends of bones together. Produced by muscles, weight bearing activity, gravity, external load.

Tension load

force pulls or stretches bone apart so that it tends to lengthen and narrow

Shear load

several forces acting together resulting in severing effects (ACL injuries)

Bending load

force causes bending of bone in convex or concave manner (ski boot on shin)

Torsion load

twisting force that can result in spiral fracture or shearing of ligament like ACL

Bone spur/Osteoarthritis

wear and tear arthritis, most common

Rheumatoid Arthritis

auto immune disease, immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue, effects lining of joints causing inflammation

Tendons

muscle to bone, cord like

Aponeurosis

muscle to bone, broad sheet like

Ligaments

connect bone to bone

Fascia

permeates every cell in the human body. Wraps every organ, nerve, bone, artery, and vein. Shock absorber that distributes force across entire system

Retinacula

wide thin connective tissue holding the position of tendons as they cross the joint, hand, and foot

Core definition

Core= Hips+Trunk

Core primary and secondary roles

Primary job is dynamic stabilization, prevent movement. Secondary movement capabilities, especially rotational movement.

Vertebral column parts and muscles

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar. Erector Spinae, Deep Posterior, Rectus Abdominus, Internal Abdominal Obliques, External Abdominal Obliques, Transversus Abdominus.

Lumbar Lordosis

excessive anterior rotation of the pelvis

Thoracic Kyphosis

Forward head, rounded shoulder, protracted scapulae

Ankylosing Spondylitis

inflammation of the joints between spinal bones, and the joints between the spine and pelvis. Eventually causes affected spinal bones to join together.

Scoliosis

lateral deformity of spine in frontal plane

Joint

Point of contact of 2+ bones allows various types of movement

Fibrous joint example

Sutures

Cartilaginous joint example

Pubic Symphysis

Synovial joint example

Knee

Articular Cartilage in Synovial Joint

surfaces roll on one another

Synovial membrane

found on inner wall of the joint capsule. Contains areolar tissue which secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

lubricates and nourishes cartilage cells