Bethany Lutheran College BIO 101- Exam Ch. 6-10 QUESTIONS

Chemical formula for the production of glucose

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chemical formula for the consumption of glucose

C6H12O6 + 6H2O -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Main substrates and products of Glycosis

S- Glycosis and ATP x2

P- Pyruvic Acid x2 -> 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Main substrates and products of Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle

S- Acetyl CoA

P- CO2 ×2, NADH x6, FADH2 ×4

Main substrates and products of the Electron Transport Chain

S- NADH, FADH2

P- 32 ATPs, H2O

What is the name of the intermediary molecule between glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

What are the three different types of high-energy molecules produced by cellular respiration?

4 ATPs, 2 NADH

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATPs

32 ATPs

What high energy molecules contribute protons and electrons to the Electron Transport Chain?

NADH and FADH2

What role does oxygen play in aerobic cellular respiration?

Electrons that were used to pump protons now combine with oxygen and give oxygen a negative charge

What complexes in the Electron Transport Chain accept protons and electrons from each of NADH and FADH2?

Complexes 3 & 4

How many molecules of ATP are generated in aerobic respiration?

32 ATP

How many molecules of ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration?

4/6

At the tissue level, where does photosynthesis take place?

The palisade and spongy mesophyll

At the cell level, where does photosynthesis take place?

The chloroplasts

What elements are at the center of the chlorophyll chemical structure?

Magnesium

What are light/light dependent reactions?

reactions that need light to work

Where do light reactions happen?

In the thylakoid membrane

What are light-independent reactions?

Reactions not dependent on light

Where do light-independent reactions happen?

the stroma

What is the electron carrier molecule for PSII?

Plastoquinone

What is the energy from electrons used to do in PSII?

generate a H+ gradient

How is the H+ gradient used to produce energy?

It drives ATP synthase to generate ATP, concentrates thyloids in granum

What is the byproduct produced in PSII?

Oxygen

How many water molecules are required to make it?

2 water molecules

What is the electron carrier molecule for PSI?

ferrodoxin

What are the electrons and energy used to do in PSI?

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

What is the electron carrier molecule that links PSII and PSI?

plastocyanin (pC)

What are the two high energy molecules that are produced in light-dependent reactions and how are they used?

ATP + NADPH, they are used to add carbon to carbon chains

What is another name for the carbon-fixation cycle?

Calvin Cycle

What is the major enzyme that fixes carbon in the Calvin cycle?

RUBISCO

What are the beginning substrate molecules of the Calvin cycle?

5 carbon molecule

What is the main carbon-based product of the Calvin cycle and how many carbons does it have?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 2-3 carbon molecules

How many molecules of CO2 does it take to produce 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

3 molecules of CO2

How many molecules of ATP are consumed in the process?

9 ATP

How many molecules of NADPH are consumed in the process?

6 NADPH

Where did the ATP and NADPH come from that was used in the Calvin cycle?

Photosystems II and I

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

Chloroplasts

What are two variations on photosynthesis, and how are they different from C-3 photosynthesis?

C-4= fix carbon into 4-C molecule, doesn't fix oxygen, calvin cycle away from oxygen

CAM- doesn't fix O2, happens at night, separates light dependent and independent

What base does Adenine pair with?

Thymine

What base does Cytosine pair with?

Guanine

How are these bases bonded?

They are bonded with hydrogen bonds

What is the function of the sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA?

They make a gene which builds up to chromosome, similar to spelling (has to be specific)

Why doesn't all of the genetic material in a genome code for proteins: what function do the non-coding genetic sequences serve?

used to space out the DNA/to regulate protein production

What role does DNA polymerase serve in DNA replication?

takes nucleotide bases and plugs them in

Does DNA have the original copy, the new copy, or half of the original and what is the term for this?

half of each, semi-conservative replication

How many nucleotides are in one codon?

3 nucleotides

The five steps in translation from RNA to protein

mRNA attaches to ribosomes, tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome, codon of mRNA pairs with anticodon of the tRNA, amino acid is transferred to the growing chain of amino acids, the ribosome moves down 3 bases and repeats

List nucleotide base, chromosome and gene from smallest to largest?

nucleotide base, gene, chromosome

What are some reasons a cell might need to divide?

allows for growth, repair damage, replace worn out cells

How is mitosis in plant cells different from mitosis in animal cells?

animal: clevage furrow develops and splits it

plant: develops a cell plate to split the cell

What are the two types of genes that regulate mitosis and cell division?

proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor genes

How many rounds of meiosis does it take to get to haploid gametes, assuming a diploid organism?

2 cell divisions

Are cells that just completed mitosis haploid or dipoid?

dipoid

Are cells that just completed meiosis haploid or dipoid?

haploid

Which parts of the flower produce the male gametes?

Pollen is produced by the anther

Which parts of the flower produce the female gametes?

The egg is produced by the pistil

How does crossing over increase genetic diversity during meiosis?

It’s swapping pieces of DNA in mom and dad’s chromosomes

Does crossing over happen in meiosis I or meiosis II?

Meiosis I (Prophase I)

What is the term that describes the phenomenon where the homologous are distributed randomly to the two daughter cells in anaphase I of meiosis?

Independent assortment

If homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis I, what separates in Meiosis II?

Chromatids separate

What are two phenomenon that help generate genetic diversity of the gametes during Meiosis?

Crossing over and independent assortment

What is one genetic disorder in humans and what causes it?

Down syndrome → caused by having 3 #21 chromosomes

What is the mechanism for determining male and female in humans?

Y chromosome= male, no Y= female

Why might an abnormality on the X chromosome be recessive in females and dominant in males?

There isn’t a copy of gene to make up for it (females have XX, men XY)

Is genetic diversity within a population a good thing?

Yes, it means that people are different genetically which means when there are unfavorable conditions, more people are likely to survive

Give an example of when low genetic diversity causes problems

How much genetic variation is in the human genome?

99.9% is identical, there is no genetic base for races → all humans are one race

What are two ways that a population can gain genetic diversity?

mutation → making something slightly different

migration → one population enters another and brings their genes with them (gene flow)

How does the bottleneck event impact the genetic diversity of a population?

It reduces population size causing permanent loss of genetic diversity due to lesser amounts of population to carry diverse genes

What impact does genetic drift have on the genetic diversity of a population?

It reduces genetic diversity

Explain how low genetic diversity can be good and bad in agriculture

Good- It can make one consistent product

Bad- It can cause the plants to be more susceptible than ones that are more genetically diverse

What are the percentages of the different colors of peas?

Green- 50% Yellow- 50%